Far From the Madding Crowd by Thomas Hardy

1. Far From the Madding Crowdby Thomas Hardy Presentation Group Members Elizabeth Chan Ryan Duren Brock Hall Sarah Palmerini Mike Schoene Holly Wall

2. Original Publication • Published as a 12-part series • January through December 1874 • The Cornhill Magazine • Volumes 29 and 30 • Appeared on first page of every issue of volume 29 • Illustrated by Helen Paterson • Edited by Leslie Stephen

3. The Cornhill Magazine • London : Smith, Elder and Co. • Cost 1 shilling (12 pennies or 1/20 £) • Aimed to combine the critical view and the serial novel • Very popular magazine • broad readership • first number sold 110,000 copies

4. 1895 Printing • Hardy’s first complete collected edition • New York : Harper and Brothers • Cost $1.50US • 1 picture, 1 map

5. Other Editions • 1875: revision of 1874 • 1877: first one-volume edition • 1902: revised plates of 1895 • 1912: “Wessex Edition” of Hardy’s works

6. Revisions in Far From the Madding Crowd

7. Original Manuscript vs.Cornhill Edition • As you already know Far From the Madding Crowd first appeared in Cornhill Magazine in January 1874 and ran monthly until its completion in December of the same year. • The chapters were sent in to Leslie Stephen’s, editor of Cornhill Magazine, usually three or four chapters at a time during the same year of publication.

8. Most people are not aware that the chapters sent to Stephen were not only sent in month by month, but also correspond to the calendar year month with month (Morgan 14). • Ex. The summer storms that threaten Bathsheba’s crops are published and appear to the reader in the month of August. Storms like this actually would occur in the south of England in late July (Morgan 14).

9. “One very good reason why we are not reading the original manuscript version today is that no sooner had it provided Stephen with the copy-text for serialization in the Cornhill, than it disappeared.Hardy assumed it had been pulped. He never revised from it for later editions,” (Morgan 14). • The original manuscript had been saved however, and with Hardy’s permission was auctioned off on April 22 1918 to A. Edward Newton of Pennsylvania. The proceeds from the auction were given to the Red Cross.

10. Leslie Stephen’s Role • Leslie Stephen was editor of the Cornhill Magazine and acted as Hardy’s censor. • He said of Victorian writings, “Thou shalt not shock a young lady, or, more precisely, Thou shalt not offend a country parson’s daughter!” This, Stephen said, was the first commandment he had to enforce (Morgan 14).

11. Far From the Madding Crowd was the first time Hardy had written for a Victorian periodical and Stephen was extremely involved in the censorship of the novel. • According to Rosemarie Morgan, Author of Cancelled Words Rediscovering Thomas Hardy, there are three different types of changes made throughout the novel. The first brought out by a new awareness on Hardy’s part brought about by the education of his consciousness in certain Victorian Codes and conventions; others suggest artistic refinements and newly crafted devices of plot; other indicate the outright bowdlerization of his editor (Morgan 14).

12. Examples of Leslie Stephen’s Censorings

13. Here is one example of Stephen’s censorings in the novel. • Stephen had it changed to: • Inside the blue door…were to be seen…the backs and tails of half-a-dozen warm and contented horses.

14. One major change that Stephen made in the novel is in chapter XLVII Adventures by the Shore. • The original chapter was more than twice as long as what was published in the Cornhill. • Among some of the deleted sections are: Troy being picked up by the sailors; Troy looking for his clothes on shore and not finding them; the sailors offering Troy a job on the boat; Troy’s thoughts about Bathsheba and her living without him.

15. Picture of Stephen’s scratch outs in Chapter XLVII.

16. Hardy’s reaction to Stephen’s artistic and censorship changes in Far from the Matting Crowd.

17. Hardy wrote to Stephen about the changes saying: • “The truth is I am willing, and indeed anxious, to give up any points which may be desirable in a story when read as a whole, for the sake of others which shall please those who read it in numbers. Perhaps I may have higher aims some day, and be a great stickler for the proper artistic balance of the completed work, but for the present circumstances lead me to wish merely to be considered a good hand at a serial,” (Morgan 49).

18. Hardy’s artistic changes in Far from the Madding Crowd.

19. Here is an example of an artistic change Hardy made while proofreading the novel. • Hardy changed this to: • That watch belong to the last lord and was given to my mother’s husband, a medical man, for his use till I came of age, when it was to be given to me. That watch has regulated imperial interests in its time – the stately ceremonial, the courtly assignation, pompous travels, and lordly sleeps. Now it’s yours.

20. Another artistic change Hardy made while proofreading for the Cornhill was a change in the scenic description of the storm. In the original manuscript the storm was described as: • A hot breeze, as if breathed from the parted lips of some dragon about to swallow the globe, fanned him from the south, while directly opposite, in the north, hung a body of clouds.

21. Readers of the Cornhill instead saw this: • A hot breeze…fanned him from the south, while directly opposite in the north rose a grim misshapen body of could, in the very teeth of the wind. So unnaturally did it rise that one could fancy it to be lifted by machinery from below. Meanwhile the faint cloudlets had flown back into the south-east corner of the sky, as if in terror of the large cloud, like a young brood gazed in upon by some monster.

22. Hardy’s Revisions due to the learning of the proper Victorian Codes.

23. Why Hardy made revisions due to Victorian Codes. • An example of a revision due to Victorian Code can be seen in chapter XIX with Boldwood begging Bathsheba to marry him. • …I rather cling to the gig because it is the same my poor father and mother drove, but if you don’t like it I will sell it

24. This is simply changed from the word “gig” to “chaise.” The only difference in the two is a gig is a one-or-two horse carriage and a chaise is a four horse carriage with a retractable top. The change is made to show class differences. • Almost all the changes made due to Victorian Code are made to make sure that class differences can be seen in a more real way.

25. Also many changes that Stephen made while censoring the novel can also be shown as a change due to Victorian Code. Such as the “buttocks” change that Stephen made.

26. Original Illustrations • By Helen Paterson • The only woman to illustrate the serialized novels of Hardy • Hardy was very pleased with her work, and even charmed by Paterson • Included twelve full-page plates and decorative letter vignettes credit: http://www.victorianweb.org/art/illustration/allingham/

27. #1: January 1874 W Hands Were Loosening His Neckerchief

28. #2: February 1874 T “Do You Happen To Want a Shepherd, Ma'am?”

29. #3: March 1874 “Get The Door Key.” Liddy Fetched It. B

30. #4: April 1874 “I Feel -- Almost -- Too Much -- To Think,” He Said. T

31. #5: May 1874 G She Stood Up in the Window-Opening, Facing the Men.

32. #6: June 1874 J She Took Up Her Position As Directed

33. #7: July 1874 Bathsheba flung her hands to her face H

34. #8: August 1874 There's Not a Soul in My House But Me To-night T

35. #9: September 1874 O She Opened a Gate Within Which Was a Haystack, Under This She Sat Down.

36. #10: October 1874 D Her Tears Fell Fast Beside the Unconscious Pair.

37. #11: November 1874 B He saw a bather carried along in the current.

38. Lulstead Cove actually Lulworth Cove near Weymouth (Budmouth) Source: Anniversary Edition of the Wessex Novels, 1920, based in part on previous editions and the photographs of 1912.

39. #12: December 1874 C Troy Next Advanced into the Middle of the Room, Took off His Cap –

40. Photographic Illustrations • The Village of Weatherbury • The Sheep-Washing • The Hurdle-Makers • The Greenhill Fair credit: http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~ttha/illustrations/ffmc.htm

41. Village of Weatherbury Wessex edition. (London: Macmillan, 1912) p. 166

42. The Sheep-Washing

43. The Hurdle-Makers

44. The Greenhill Fair

45. The Greenhill Fair

46. Contemporary Events • A Brief History of The Times of London • Founded by John Walter in 1785 • Originally named The Daily Universal Register • Switched to its current name on 01 January 1788 • Source: Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia

47. The Times, cont’d • Among its many accomplishments: • First newspaper to send special correspondents abroad • First newspaper to send war correspondents to cover military conflicts

48. The Times, cont’d • More or less independent, politically, despite conservative views of editors • Represents the views of the wealthy classes • First pages contained small advertisements that would interest the moneyed classes of British society • Appeared in broadsheet format

49. December 1, 1874 Edition • Reported from Mark-Lane on 30 November • Describes large arrivals of foreign wheat and oats • Wheat: 45,738 qrs. • Oats: 67, 792 qrs. • Slow demand due to return of mild weather • Only mention of corn (maize): 3478 qrs • Prices maintained, demand slow

50. From Metropolitan Cattle-Market, 30 November • Trade described as quiet yet firm, with no price alteration • Ready buyers for choice animals for both foreign and domestic • Mutton prices decreasing and difficult to sell • Calf and pork markets described as “very dull” • The Liverpool Christmas market will be held on 14 December