G l Ekolojisi

1. G�l Ekolojisi Meryem Beklioglu Limnoloji Laboratuvari, ODT�, Biyoloji B�l�m� www.limnology.metu.edu.tr meryem@metu.edu.tr

2. G�ller Havzanin en �ukur yeridir. Havzanin aynasi gibidir Su bekleme s�resi (g�n-on yillar) Su bekleme s�resi: g�l b�y�kl�g�, girdi ve �iktilarin hidrolojik y�k�ne baglidir

3. 1. Buzul G�lleri 2. Tektonik g�ller 3. Heyalan G�lleri 4. Nehir etkinligiyle olusan g�ller 5. Volkanik g�ller 6. Karstik g�ller 7. Insan yapisi g�ller (Reservorlar) *G�ller B�lgesi?

4. 1.Buzulasma sonucu olusan G�ller Kuzey yarim k�redeki g�llerin �ogu Toroslar, Uludag, Ka�karlardaki g�ller Sig/derin g�ller olusabilir

5. Buzul hareketi sonucu Ontario, CA olusan Kettle g�lleri (siyah b�lgeler)

6. 2. Tektonik G�ller D�nyanin en eski ve en derin g�lleri bu yolla olusmustur Afrika Rift vadisi (Tanganika G.: 1470 m ) Baykal G., Sibirya Beysehir, Egirdir, Hazar G�lleri

7. 3. Heyelan G�lleri Heyelan sonucu daglardaki vadilerin �n�n�n kapanmasi sonucu olusur Abant G�l�, Yedig�ller, Karag�l

8. 4. Menderes G�lleri All�yon tasiyan b�y�k akrsularin menderslerinin oldugu yerde olusur Kizilirmak, Gediz N. Menderslerinde �rnekleri vardir

9. 5. Krater G�lleri Patlamis volkanin konisinde olusur, �rg:Nemrut Krateri Patlamis volkandan p�sk�ren lavlar vadiyi tikiyarak olusturu, �rg: Van G�l�

10. 6. Karstik G�ller: Obruklar

11. 7.Insanin olusturdugu g�ller: Barajlar

12. uzunlugu (l): 218m Eni (bx):187m Kenar uzunlugu Alan (A): 25,238m2 Kiyi olusumu (DL)

13. G�l Ekolojisinde Hidrolojik Fiziksel: isik, sicaklik, Kimyasal Biyolojik

16. Su Seviyesi Degisimi (SSD) Dogal veya Insan kaynakli Fakt�rler SSD belirlerler Iklim (Y�resel ve K�resel iklim olaylari) Havza Karakteri Morfometri Su Kullanimi: antroponojenik

19. G�l Ekolojisinde Hidroloji Fiziksel: isik, sicaklik, Kimyasal Biyolojik

20. G�llerde Isik Profili At the top of this picture you see a typical graph. At the bottom of the picture, you are looking at a �lake� in cross-section. Limnologists tend to graph data differently, so first of all, we need to make sure everyone is familiar with the seemingly strange way limnologists plot lake data that varies with depth. The independent variable, in this case, depth, is plotted vertically, starting with 0 meters at the top of the graph and increasing downward (the opposite of the usual graphing method). It makes sense when you want to visualize how things change as we dive down from the surface. The dependent variables (i.e., the physical, chemical, and biological variables that vary with depth) are plotted horizontally. In this case, the reduction of light with depth is plotted in typical �limnological� fashion, superimposed over the lake cross-section to help you visualize the data. At the top of this picture you see a typical graph. At the bottom of the picture, you are looking at a �lake� in cross-section. Limnologists tend to graph data differently, so first of all, we need to make sure everyone is familiar with the seemingly strange way limnologists plot lake data that varies with depth. The independent variable, in this case, depth, is plotted vertically, starting with 0 meters at the top of the graph and increasing downward (the opposite of the usual graphing method). It makes sense when you want to visualize how things change as we dive down from the surface. The dependent variables (i.e., the physical, chemical, and biological variables that vary with depth) are plotted horizontally. In this case, the reduction of light with depth is plotted in typical �limnological� fashion, superimposed over the lake cross-section to help you visualize the data.

21. A strong thermocline (shaded rectangle) is now in place. A strong thermocline (shaded rectangle) is now in place.

23. G�l Ekolojisinde Hidroloji Fiziksel: isik, sicaklik, Kimyasal. Oksijen, Azot, fosfor, silikat Biyolojik

24. Iki �nemli O2 Kaynagi Sources of DO: Turbulent mixing of the atmospheric O2 into surface water via wind energy. 2. Photosynthesis from algae and higher plants Photosynthesis requires light, so it only occurs to the depth that light intensity is about 0.5-1.0% of surface values. 3. Minor sources from river inflows and groundwater. Sources of DO: Turbulent mixing of the atmospheric O2 into surface water via wind energy. 2. Photosynthesis from algae and higher plants Photosynthesis requires light, so it only occurs to the depth that light intensity is about 0.5-1.0% of surface values. 3. Minor sources from river inflows and groundwater.

25. Su Kimyasi: Oksijen - Oxygen Dikey oksijen yogunlugu verinli/besin tuzunca zengin g�llerde asagiya dogru azalir

26. G�l Su Kimyasi: Besin Tuzu Fosfor Azot Silika Demir karbon

28. Birincil �retimi Sinirlayici Besin Tuzlari Fosfor Vazge�ilmezdir ��z�nm�s hali toprakda tutulur Anahtar besin tuzu dur �trofikasyon kontrol�nde �nemlidir Azot Vazge�ilmezdir ��z�nm�s hali (Nitrat ve amonyun) en �nemli kaynaktir Anahtar besin tuzu dur Sudan bakteriler yardimi ile uzaklastirilir Nitrogen may limit algal growth in unproductive lakes, estuaries, and open oceans. Nitrogen CAN contribute to eutrophication in concert with phosphorus enrichment.Nitrogen may limit algal growth in unproductive lakes, estuaries, and open oceans. Nitrogen CAN contribute to eutrophication in concert with phosphorus enrichment.

29. Sucul �retimde Besin Tuzlarinin miktari sinirlayicidir

30. Sonu� Sudaki besin tuzu miktari �ok farkli etmenlere baglidir G�l Havzasi Fiziksel fakt�rler Ge�mis fakt�rler (paleolimnoloji) Antropogenik fakt�rler �trofikasyon Tarim ve hayvancilik Evsel atiksu Iklim degisimi: isinma kuraklik

31. G�l Ekolojisinde Hidroloji Fiziksel: isik, sicaklik, Kimyasal. Oksijen, Azot, fosfor, silikat Biyolojik

32. Biyota Katmanlari: Isik miktari belirler Bitki katmani (littoral) isiklanma bitkilerin b�y�mesine uygundur A�ik su (limnetik) sadece �st kisinlarinda isik m�saittir-planktonlar vardir Alt katman (profundal): isigin ulasmadigi karanlik b�lge

33. Tipik: Su bitkileir (Makrofitler) Sui�i

35. Tipik Fitoplakton

36. Tipik Zooplankton

37. Tipik Dip (Bentik) Canlilar: sinek larvasi

38. Tipik Baliklar

40. G�llerde Besin Agi

41. G�l Besi Aginin Genel G�r�n�m�

42. Sucul ekosistemlerde Birincil �retim Asagidan Yukariya Kontrol Fiziksel ve kimyasal kosullar ekosistem yapisini belirler Fiziksel ve kimyasal fakt�rler belirler Yukaridan asagiya kontrol Besin agindaki avci t�keticiler belirler Avci balik .

47. Arazide �rnek Toplama: Yaz

48. Kis

50. How? Fossiller Pigmentler in/organik kimyasallar Kararli/radyo izotopler

52. Biological proxies Pollens and spores Regional vegetation history Local vegetation history Climate change Changes in lake water quality Changes in aquatic macrophytes Diatoms Acidity Nutrients Salinity

53. Biological proxies Cont�d Photosynthetic pigments Past changes in algal and bacterial populations (blue-green algae and eutrophication) Chironomids Trophic status of lakes Acidification Climate change

54. Biological proxies Cont�d Cladocerans Eutrophication Acidification salinity Ostracods Salinity Mg/Sr and Mg/Ca Water level Temperature (18O/16O)