1 / 21

Benitio Mussolini: "What is Fascism?" (1932)

The Rise of Fascism & Militarism in Italy, Germany & Japan; & Prelude to War: American Policy of Neutrality. Benitio Mussolini: "What is Fascism?" (1932). 1922-Mussolini & the Fascist Party came to power in Italy 1932-Mussolini wrote a definition of Fascism for the Italian dictionary

dalmar
Download Presentation

Benitio Mussolini: "What is Fascism?" (1932)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Rise of Fascism & Militarism in Italy, Germany & Japan;& Prelude to War: American Policy of Neutrality

  2. Benitio Mussolini: "What is Fascism?" (1932) • 1922-Mussolini & the Fascist Party came to power in Italy • 1932-Mussolini wrote a definition of Fascism for the Italian dictionary • Rejection of Pacifism, Marxism & Democracy • Life=duty, struggle & conquest • Humans=inherently unequal • State=superior to the individual • Territorial Expansion=manifestation of a nation’s vitality

  3. Raymond H. Geist’s letter to Moffat (1934) • Geist = U.S. Consul in Berlin • Moffat=chief of the division of Western European Affairs • Letter of Sept. 15, 1934 • Describes the newly established Nazi state • Germany is remilitarizing • Building up its air force & mechanized divisions • The German youth is glorifying military heroism • Predicts war by the end of the decade

  4. Nuremberg Laws (1935) • Proclaimed during the 1935 Nuremburg Rally • Laws severely restricted the freedoms of German Jews • the Jim Crow Laws in the American South= a model for segregation • Forbade Marriage & Sexual Relations between Germans & Jews • Stripped Citizenship from German-Jews

  5. Haile Selassie’s Appeal to the League of Nations(June 1936) • October 3, 1935, Mussolini launched an invasion of Ethiopia • Haile Selassie I =Emperor of Ethiopia • League had promised Ethiopia assistance against Italian aggression • Outlines Italian policy of targeting civilians • Exposes Italian diplomatic treachery • Exposes the League’s goal of collective security as a sham • Argues that, by its inaction, the League is establishing a deadly precedent of “bowing before force” • ultimately, the League does nothing • Other states like Germany & Japan are encourage to pursue expansionist aims

  6. Hossbach Memorandum (BERLIN, November 10, 1937) • Since his seizure of power in 1933, Hitler demanded a fair but peaceful revision of the Versailles Treaty. • Hitler exploited widespread international pacifism • In 1937, Hitler held a secret meeting in Berlin with his top generals • Germany’s Problem=lack of living space • autarky, participation in the world economy and overseas colonies are rejected as possible solutions • Goal of German Foreign Policy=Expansion at the expense of Germany’s neighbors • War must come by 1943-1945, because Germany’s enemies will have caught up with German rearmament

  7. World Defense Spending

  8. Hitler's Defiance of the Western Powers

  9. German Expansion 1935-1939

  10. Japanese Expansion

  11. Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 • Named after the American secretary of state, Frank B. Kellogg & French Foreign minister Aristide Briand • Treaty renounced war as a means of national policy • International Disputes should be solved by peaceful means • helped to formulate later international law especially notions of “crimes against peace.” • Pact lack an efficient enforcement mechanism

  12. Message to the Nations of the World appealing for Peace by Disarmament and the end of Economic Chaos, (May 16, 1933) • To solve the global financial crisis, Franklin Roosevelt urges economic cooperation and an international agreement for disarmament. • Considers Armaments to be unnecessary • Proposes that all gov’ts reduce their militaries • Urges Gov’ts to adopt transcend domestic needs & create lasting international economic reform

  13. The Nye Report (February 24, 1936) • In 1934, Senator Nye headed an investigation of the munitions industry. • he charged the industry with corruption by connecting wartime profits of the banking & munitions industries to America's involvement in World War I • Many Americans felt betrayed • perhaps the war hadn't been an epic battle between the forces of good (democracy) and evil (autocracy) • The report bolstered sentiments for isolationism

  14. "Is Neutrality Possible?" By Gerald Nye • World War I led to an unacceptable loss of life & caused grave economic consequences • The U.S. should focus its energies at home • U.S. should avoid European entanglements • Neutrality is the preferred policy over “collective security” • Munitions manufacturers stir up animosities between Japan & the U.S. to ensure profits • Money wasted on the military could be used for the public’s benefit • The spread of Fascism can be checked by building up a better societal model in the United States

  15. "Neutrality Act" of August 31, 1935 • spurred by the growth of isolationism after WW1 • Goal=to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts • Prohibited • Sale of arms to nations at war • The transport of arms on American vessels • Americans from traveling on belligerent vessels • Further amended in 1936, 1937 & 1939 • Allowed the President to decide when nations were at war • This provided a loophole that FDR carefully exploited to assist American allies from aggressor states • Legacy • Made no distinction between Aggressor states & states being attacked • they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain vs. Nazi Germany

  16. Address Delivered by President Roosevelt Before the Congress, January 3, 1936 • Points • International tensions have steadily increased over the past 3 years • By contrast, Western Hemisphere enjoys a “good neighbor” policy • The U.S. must take note of the rise of aggression abroad • These states lack democratic channels for change • Bellicose states have blocked disarmament efforts • Although it reaffirms American isolation, FDR’s speech is notable for its markedly pessimistic tone

  17. Roosevelt's "Quarantine" Speech (October 5, 1937) • Hopes for global peace are undermined by aggressor states • “foundations of civilization” are threatened • The U.S. & the Western Hemisphere also in danger • Complete isolation from the world isn’t possible • U.S. must reestablish international law & morality • War is like a disease, it must be quarantined to protect the world • With the speech, FDR sounds the alarm that American must now take notice of global problems

  18. Depiction of U.S. Isolationism

  19. America First Party • Est. September 1940 • Pressure group to keep the U.S. out of the war • Peak membership=800,000 • April 23, 1941 Charles Lindbergh speech in New York • U.S. shouldn’t enter war unless it can win • Britain nor the U.S. can defeat Germany • Fall of the democracies in Europe can be blamed on the interventionists in those countries (effectively blames the victims) • Britain is trying to lure the U.S. into the war • FDR is leading the U.S. into war but the majority is against it • U.S should follow the Monroe Doctrine & Washington’s advice to avoid “entangling alliances”

  20. Lindbergh’s Des Moines Speech(Sept. 11, 1941) • Propaganda has led the American public from isolation toward being on the verge of war • 3 groups are responsible • The British • The Jews • The Roosevelt Administration • According to Lindbergh, these groups control the media & are brainwashing the public • Lindbergh’s speech with its anti-Semitic connotations enraged many

  21. Bibliography • Slide #1: • Mussolini/Hitler: http://www.provincia.torino.it/cultura/rosanero/im/27.jpg • Roosevelt: http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics/04629.GIF • Lindbergh: http://staff.imsa.edu/socsci/jvictory/isolationism/lindbergh_amerfirst.jpg • Slide #2 • Photo of Mussolini: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/haywardlad/famous/heads-mussolini.jpg • Slide #3 • Photo of Hitler: http://www.digischrift.nl/lessen/adolfhitler1/index.3.jpg • Photo of Nuremberg Rally: http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics/58806.jpg • Slide #4 • Photo of Nazi Eugenic Test: http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/eugenics.jpg • Photo of “Jew Only Bench”: http://sorrel.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Pinkhof/yaari/sophpix/jewonly.gif • Photo of Jewish Shop: http://mayoramber.esmartdesign.com/windowbig.jpg • Slide #5 • Time Cover of Haile Selassie: http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1936/1101360106_400.jpg • Slide #6 • Photo of German Troops: http://www.umkc.edu/lib/spec-col/ww2/1939/images/63-579.jpg • Slide #7 • Defense Spending Chart: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Graph_top7_def_expd_1930-38.png • Slide #8 • David Lowe Cartoon: http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/honsem/theses/mkravetz03/SpinelessBg.jpg • Slide #9 • German Expansion: http://www.msubillings.edu/history/NaziExpansion.jpg • Slide #10 • Japanese Expansion Before Pearl Harbor: http://www.shsu.edu/~his_sub/map--imperial%20japan.jpg • Slide #11 • Kellogg-Briand: http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics3/01115.jpg • Slide #13 • The Nye Committee: http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics/00811.jpg • Slide #15 • Political Cartoon: http://www.beyondbelief72.com/hello/27/1105/1024/011140_parrish.jpg • Slide #17 • Roosevelt: http://www.theconnection.org/photogallery/fdr/images/1.jpg • Slide #18 • Political Cartoon: http://spartans.sstx.org/~wgoodman/WWIIisolationismcart.jpg • Slide #19 • Lindbergh America First: http://staff.imsa.edu/socsci/jvictory/isolationism/lindbergh_amerfirst.jpg • Slide #20 • Dr. Suess Cartoon: http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/pm/10602cs.jpg

More Related