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DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY Cardiovascular System Dr. Sukumal Chongthammakun

DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY Cardiovascular System Dr. Sukumal Chongthammakun Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science Mahidol University http://intranet.sc.mahidol/AN. Development of Blood Vessels. Development of Blood Vessels. Location: Body, Connecting Stalk, Yolk Sac, Chorion.

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DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY Cardiovascular System Dr. Sukumal Chongthammakun

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  1. DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY Cardiovascular System Dr. Sukumal Chongthammakun Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science Mahidol University http://intranet.sc.mahidol/AN

  2. Development of Blood Vessels

  3. Development of Blood Vessels Location: Body, Connecting Stalk, Yolk Sac, Chorion

  4. Mesenchymal cells (Splanchnic mesoderm) Development of Cardiogenic Area Late presomite embryo (3rd week) • Angiogenic clusters • plexus of small blood vessels • ant. portion = cardiogenic area

  5. Development of cardiogenic area and pericardial cavity 18 days

  6. Development of cardiogenic area and pericardial cavity 18 days intraembryonic coelom = pericardial cavity

  7. Fusion of the Heart Tubes • Head Flexion • Rotation of cardiogenic area • - caudal to prochordal plate • - dorsal to septum transversum(diaphragm) & intraembryonic coelom (pericardial cavity) • Fusion of paired tubes single tube

  8. Rotation of cardiogenic area & pericardial cavity 180o rotation along a transverse axis 21 days 22 days 19-20 days

  9. Formation of a single heart tube late presomite embryo (18 days) early presomite embryo (17 days)

  10. Formation of a single heart tube • 21 days (at 4 somites) • Fusion of endocardial tubes • 22 days (at 8 somites) • Single endocardial tube

  11. Formation of Myoepicardial Mantle • Splanchnic mesoderm surrounds the heart • Cardiac jelly (extracellular matrix) • - rich in collagen & glycoproteins • - play role in cardiac morphogenesis Myoepicardial Mantle • Myocardium • Epicardium

  12. Formation of a single heart tube 21 days 22 days Atrium is the last to fuse. Sinus horns are embedded in the septum transversum.

  13. Subdivisions of the Primitive Heart (26 days) • Lt. & Rt. Aortic arches • Aortic root • Truncus arteriosus • Bulbus cordis • Ventricle • Atrium • Lt. & Rt. horns of Sinus venosus

  14. Formation of the Cardiac Loop 1. Bulbus cordis bends in ventral & caudal & to the right. 2. Atrium shifts in a dorsal & cranial direction. 3. Bulboventricular sulcus is created.

  15. Formation of the Cardiac Loop • U-shaped & convexed forward and to the right • Ventricular growth • S-shaped & bulboventricular sulcus in concaved loop 23 days (11 somites) 22 days (8 somites)

  16. Formation of the Cardiac Loop • Primitive atrium moves up into the pericardial cavity 24 days (16 somites)

  17. Formation of the Cardiac Loop • Atrium grows dorsally to the left • Ventricle & bulbus cordis grows ventrally & to the right 28 days

  18. Formation of the Cardiac Loop 28days 1. Common atrium incorporated into pericardial cavity. 2. Atrioventricular canal is narrowed. 3. Bulbus cordis is narrowed, except trabeculated part of right ventricle. 4. Conus cordis will form outflow tracts of ventricles. 5. Truncus cordis will form roots of aorta & pulmonary artery. 6. Bulboventricular sulcus = primary interventricular foramen.

  19. At the end of the loop formation 30 days

  20. Septum Formation in Common Atrium 30 days (6 mm.) 1. Endocardial cushions are formed in the AV canal. 2. Septum primum grows from the roof of common atrium. 3. Foramen (Ostium) primum is formed. 4. Perforation appears in septum primum.

  21. Septum Formation in Common Atrium 33 days(9 mm.) 1. Endocardial cushion extends to close Foramen primum. 2. Foramen (Ostium) secundum is formed. 3. Fusion of endocardial cushions. 4. Septum secundum grows downward/toward endocardial cushion. 5. Foramen ovale is remained on the inf. border of Septum secundum.

  22. Septum Formation in Common Atrium Newborn 37 days (14 mm.)

  23. Septum Formation in Common Atrium 1. Septum secundum is never completed. 2. Left venous & septum spurium fuse with septum secundum 3. Oval foramen is formed. 4. Septum primum = valve of oval foramen.

  24. Differentiation of Atria 35 days (7- to 8- mm) Newborn 1. Right sinus horn incorporates into right atrial wall = smooth wall of right atrium = sinus venarum 2. Pulmonary vein develops as outgrowth of left atrial wall = smooth wall of left atrium

  25. Development of Venous Valves Newborn 35 days (7- to 8- mm) 1. Septum spurium = fusion of Rt. & Lt. venous valves. 2. Sup. portion of Rt. venous valve disappears. 3. Inf. portion of Rt. venous valve = valve of IVC & valve of coronary sinus 4. Crista terminalis = dividing line

  26. Changes in Sinus Venosus • 35 days • 1. The veins to left sinus horn degenerates. • 2. Right sinus horn moves to the right side. • 8 week • 1. Left sinus horn becomes coronary sinus & oblique vein of the left atrium. • 2. Right sinus horn incorporates into the wall of left atrium. • 3. Sinuatrial orifice shifts to the right and is bordered by right & left venous valves (Septum spurium). • Left venous valves : fuse with atrial septum • Right venous valves : Valve of IVC & Valve of Coronary sinus

  27. Development of Sinus Venosus

  28. Development of Sinus Venosus The remains of left sinus horn = oblique vein of left atrium & coronary sinus

  29. Formation of Ventricular Septum 1. Growth of Endocardial cushions

  30. Septum Formation in A-V Canal 1. Endocardial cushions appear. 2. AV canal enlarges to the right. 3. Fusion of sup. & inf. Endocardial cushions (10 mm. stage) 4. Rt. & Lt. AV orifices are formed.

  31. Formation of Ventricular Septum 2. Growth of ventricular wall to formMuscular ventricular septum

  32. 1. Medial wall of ventricles form muscular intervent. septum 2. Outgrowth of inf. EC to close interventricular foramen. (= membranous interventricular septum)

  33. Formation of Ventricular Septum 3. Growth of Trunco-conal ridges & fusion with endocardial cushion

  34. 3. Growth of Trunco-conal ridges & fusion with endocardial cushion Formation of Ventricular Septum

  35. Septum Formation in Truncus & Conus Fusion of Rt. & Lt. conus swelling = outflow tracts of Rt. & Lt. ventricle.

  36. Formation of Cardiac valves 1. Aortic valves & Pulmonary valves (Semilunar valves) 5 wk. 6 wk. 7 wk. 6 wk. 7 wk. 9 wk.

  37. Formation of Cardiac valves 2. Mitral valves & Tricuspid valves (Atrioventricular Valves) 1. Proliferation of mesenchyme in A-V orifice. 2. The cords becomes hollowed out by bloodstream. 3. The muscular tissue degenerates, replaced by dense CNT. 4. A-V valves = CNT covered by endocardium connected to papillary muscles by chordae tendineae. 5. Right = tricuspid valves Left = bicuspid (Mitral) valves

  38. Arterial System 4 wk (4 mm.)

  39. Fate of Truncus Arteriosus & Aortic Sac

  40. Fate of Aortic Arches

  41. Fate of Aortic Arches

  42. Aortic arches 4 mm. I disappear : rem. = Maxillary a. II disappear : rem. = Hyoid a. & Stapidial a. III, IV & VI become larger. Primitive pulmonary a. is formed.

  43. Aortic arches 10 mm. I & II disappear VI connect to Pulmonary trunk

  44. Transformation to Adult Arterial System

  45. Transformation to Adult Arterial System

  46. Transformation to Adult Arterial System

  47. Other Changes in the Arch System 1 4 2 3

  48. Other Changes in the Arch System 1. Obturation of Carotid duct (Dorsal aorta between III & IV) 2. Obturation of Rt. dorsal aorta (at 7th intersegmental a.) 3. Lt. subclavian a. shifts to higher point. 4. Recurrent laryngeal n. Rt = hook at Subclavian a. Lt = hook at Ligamentum arteriosum

  49. Derivatives of Dorsal Aorta • Intersegmental a. • supply ribs, intercostal m. & spinal cord • C & L segments - supply limbs • Lateral splanchnic a. • supply kidneys & gonads (intermediate mesoderm)

  50. Derivatives of Dorsal Aorta • Ventral splanchnic a. • With yolk sac • Vitelline a. : supply yolk sac • Umbilical a.: supply placenta & developing visceral organ • Without yolk sac • Celiac a. : supply foregut eg stomach • Sup. mesenteric a.: supply midgut eg. duodenum & ileum • Inf. Mesenteric a.: supply hind gut eg. colon & rectum

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