Images of the ‘Savage’

1. Images of the ‘Savage’ American Museum, 1921 state of savagery, AD 1500 American Museum, 1993

2. Neanderthals • Nearly complete skeleton in shallow grave at la Chapelle aux Saints (found 1908) became generalized description: • Misshapen individual: acutely curved spine from osteoarthritis, thus being bent-over or hunched; old and highly degenerated • Hardly representative of greater (i.e., younger and healthier) population

3. Brutish Neanderthals

4. Re-Constructing a Neanderthal

5. Distribution of Mousterian technology in Eurasia

6. Levallois Technique By late Mousterian a variety of fairly finely worked stone tools were being used by Neanderthal populations

7. OLDOWAN, to 2.4m ACHEULEAN, to 1.5m MOUSTERIAN, 200-40k UPPER PALEOLITHIC, 90(africa)/40-12k

8. Ceremonialism • Evidence from burials shows that Neanderthals accommodated the sick and injured in life and treated the dead with honor and ritual Grave goods? Artist’s impression of Shanidar Cave, Iraq Neanderthal flute? (50k)

9. Neanderthal Welfare • Also, sites like Shanidar cave, Iraq, where this old man whose skull was crushed, was carefully laid to rest, shows great caring for dead; evidence of blind and maimed individual • Likewise, some living individuals were in very bad physical condition requiring care by others: La Chapelle

10. Neanderthal Pre-Neanderthal

11. Late Pleistocene Greece

13. A B C D • Replacement (“Out of Africa”): no hybridization • (anatomically modern humans in green) • B. Replacement and Hybridization • C. Assimilation • D. Multi-regional

14. Neanderthals in southern Spain to 31-28 K

15. Lagar Velho, Portugal (1998); 25k, 4 year old, Homo sapiens/Homo neandertalensis transition?

16. DNA Supports suggestion of Neanderthal as separate species

18. 20 40 70 120

19. 06/12/03 Herto, Ethiopia (160k) (Group 2: transitional modern H. sapiens) Middle Stone Age: 250-125 k

20. Cranial Features of Anatomically Modern Humans • Cranial capacity: 1350 cc • Vertical frontal bone (forehead) • High, parallel walled cranial vault • Rounded occiptal region (lacking occiptal torus) • Non-continuous brow ridge • Flat, non-projecting face • chin

21. Post-100,000 Behavior(H. sapiens) • Increased diversity and standardization • More rapid change in artifacts • Organic material culture • Jewelry and carvings • Figurative and non-figurative art • Clear organization of space (dwellings and elaborate hearths) • Long-distance transport of lithic raw materials • Broad-spectrum economies • Storage • Large mammal hunting • Occupation of more difficult environments • Growth in population density

22. Some aspects of advanced technology, such as worked blades, typically associated with later Upper Paleolithic (H. sapiens sapiens) groups are present in Middle Stone Age in Africa) Klasies River Mouth (KRM), Border Cave, Howieson’s Poort

23. Stone tools from the MSA Howiesons Poort levels at Klasies River (South Africa) dated to ca. 65,000 B.P., showing closely similar forms of blades, end scrapers, burins, and small, hafted segment forms to those found in European and Asian Upper Palaeolithic sites from ca. 45,000 B.P. onwards PNAS June 20, 2006 vol. 103 no. 25 9381-9386

24. Middle Stone Age, Southern Africa(Group 3; Anatomically modern H. sapiens) Blombos Howieson’s Poort Border cave Klasies River Mouth

25. Blombos Cave, South Africa, 75k Shell ornaments Incised ocher, bone tools, stone projectile points

26. MSA: Bone technology • Bone points from MSA deposits at Blombos Cave (a), Peers Cave (b), Sibudu Cave (c) and Klasies River (d); • Later Stone Age layers at Rose Cottage Cave (e) and Jubilee Shelter (f), and an Iron Age occupation at Mapungubwe (g) MSA LSA Iron Age Katanda, Democratic Republic of Congo (110-80 k)

27. Kung arrow points, 20th century Broad spectrum diet, including terrestrial and marine mammals, fish, shell-fish, and reptiles Clear evidence of hearths Blade technology and projectile points Art and ritual objects

29. Radiocarbon Dating • Predictable radioactive decay to nitrogen of unstable C14 isotope (half-life: 5730 years) • Developed by Willard Libby (≈1950) • Most common dating method (post-40,000) • Accelerator Mass Spectometry (AMS) dating • Calibration (C14 production in the atmosphere changes through time) • Dates come as a statistical estimate: 1000 ± 100 BP (1 Sigma (68% probability) = 900-1100 BP; 2 Sigma (95% probability = 800-1200 BP)

31. EUROPEAN UPPER PALEOLITHIC Burial discovered by workmen in 1868 at Cro-Magnon (30K), in the village of Les Eyzies in France. Broad Spectrum Economy More Settled Life Community Religion Complex Tools Cold Weather Clothing Shelter Art Aurignacian (40-29 K) Gravettian (29-21 K) Solutrian (21-19 K) Magdalenian (19-12K)

33. Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition (55-35k) • Aurignacian (after 40K) • Aurignac Rockshelter, Pyrenees, France

34. Sunghir, Aurignacian, near Moscow, 30k

35. Elephant Hunters? Siberia, 10k Mezir, Ukraine, 30-25K BP

37. Early Dwellings Grotte du Lazaret (France), 186-127 K Terra Amata (France), 200-400 K

38. Reconstruction at Upper Paleolithic Site in Dordogne region, France Magdalenian Structure

39. Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic (27-23 K)

40. Dolní Věstonice

42. Art and Clothes (Perishables)

43. ROCK ART

44. Art and personal adornment probably quite old, but blossoms in the Upper Paleolithic Art shows much about society: Shamanism and Ritual (fertility) Territory Group Identity and Solidarity Artistry

46. Deep skull, 40k Niah cave, Sarawak

47. Lake Mungo (40k+) Burial with red ocher Boats from south-east Asia to Australia, 100km at its shortest point back then (can’t see from coast to coast)

48. 16,000 13,000 15,000