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Class Work

Class Work. Watch the video clip and answer the following questions: 1. How did we know about the earth’s interior for so long? 2. What did scientists begin to use to understand the center of the earth? 3. What do seismic waves measure? 4. What is the inner core made up of?

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Class Work

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  1. Class Work • Watch the video clip and answer the following questions: 1. How did we know about the earth’s interior for so long? 2. What did scientists begin to use to understand the center of the earth? 3. What do seismic waves measure? 4. What is the inner core made up of? 5. What does the inner core generate for planet Earth?

  2. Minerals

  3. What is a Mineral? • Naturally-formed solid substance with a specific chemical & crystalstructure Pyromorphite

  4. What do all minerals have in common? All: • Are inorganic. Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive • Are formed by natural processes. • A crystalline solid that has a definite volume and shape. Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a CRYSTAL) • Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup

  5. Groups of Minerals • Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Beryl (Emerald) Calcite Amethyst

  6. MICA Quartz

  7. Silver Copper Diamond Gold Iron Ruby

  8. Calcite with Duftite inclusions

  9. BariteBaSo4 Barite on CalciteBaSo4 / CaCO3

  10. How do minerals form? • 1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle)) • Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids) • Medium Cooling = small crystals • Slow Cooling = large crystals

  11. How do minerals form? Evaporites • 2) form when elements & compounds remain behind when water evaporates. Dissolved in liquids: usually water. (Think of rock candy.)

  12. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Color • Can be misleading • Can vary with the type of impurities

  13. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Luster • Surface reflection • metallic = shiny like metal • non-metallic = dull, earthy, virteous, non-shiny surface Pyrite has a metallic luster Calcite has a non-metallic luster

  14. Luster Characteristics • Adamantine - very gemmy crystals • Dull - just a non-reflective surface of any kind • Earthy - the look of dirt or dried mud • Fibrous - the look of fibers • Greasy - the look of grease • Gumdrop - the look a sucked on hard candy • Metallic - the look of metals • Pearly - the look of a pearl • Pitchy - the look of tar • Resinous - the look of resins such as dried glue or chewing gum Silky - the look of silk, similar to fibrous but more compact Submetallic - a poor metallic luster, opaque but reflecting little light • Vitreous - the most common luster, it simply means the look of glass • Waxy - the look of wax

  15. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Streak • The color of the powdered form of the mineral • The color of the streak can be different than the mineral • Minerals must be softer than the streak plate

  16. Streak…can help identify quartz BUT... http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html

  17. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Hardness • How easily a mineral scratches materials • Mohs Hardness Scale • Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) • Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)

  18. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Cleavage & Fracture • The way the mineral breaks • Cleavage—minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape • Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges

  19. 1. 4. 3. 2. Cleavage or Fracture?

  20. Minerals: More Characteristics • Taste (ex. Halite) • Fluorescence (ex. Fluorite) • Phosphorescence (ex. Willemite) • Radioactivity (ex. Uraninite) • Double refraction (ex. Calcite) • Magnetism (ex. Magnetite) • Reactivity to acids (ex. Calcite)

  21. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Other Properties • Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity) • Attraction to magnets • Bending of light • Reaction with hydrochloric acid • Smell & taste http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b4.html

  22. Giant Crystal Caves • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgUFb_l4DLE

  23. Watch Identifying Minerals Clip

  24. Answer the following questions in your notebook… • How many minerals have scientists discovered? • Of them only _______ are the most common minerals. • What is the composition of the rock Basalt? (This makes up the dense oceanic crust.)

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