Lesson 2-1

1. Lesson 2-1 Measures of Relative Standing and Density Curves

2. Knowledge Objectives • Explain what is meant by a standardized value • Define Chebyshev’s inequality, and give an example of its use • Explain what is meant by a mathematical model • Define a density curve • Explain where the median and mean of a density curve can be found

3. Construction Objectives • Compute the z-score of an observation given the mean and standard deviation of a distribution • Compute the pth percentile of an observation • Describe the relative position of the mean and median in a symmetric density curve and in a skewed density curve

4. Vocabulary • Density Curve – the curve that represents the proportions of the observations; and describes the overall pattern • Mathematical Model – an idealized representation • Median of a Density Curve – is the “equal-areas point” and denoted by M or Med • Mean of a Density Curve – is the “balance point” and denoted by  (Greek letter mu) • Normal Curve – a special symmetric, mound shaped density curve with special characteristics

5. Vocabulary • Pth Percentile – the observation that in rank order is the pth percentile of the sample • Standard Deviation of a Density Curve – is denoted by  (Greek letter sigma) • Standardized Value – a z-score • Standardizing – converting data from original values to standard deviation units • Uniform Distribution – a symmetric rectangular shaped density distribution

6. Her score is “above average”... but how far above average is it? Sample Data • Consider the following test scores for a small class: Jenny’s score is noted in red. How did she perform on this test relative to her peers? 6 | 7 7 | 2334 7 | 5777899 8 | 00123334 8 | 569 9 | 03 6 | 7 7 | 2334 7 | 5777899 8 | 00123334 8 | 569 9 | 03

7. Standardized Value: “z-score” If the mean and standard deviation of a distribution are known, the “z-score” of a particular observation, x, is: Standardized Value • One way to describe relative position in a data set is to tell how many standard deviations above or below the mean the observation is.

8. Calculating z-scores • Consider the test data and Julia’s score. According to Minitab, the mean test score was 80 while the standard deviation was 6.07 points. Julia’s score was above average. Her standardized z-score is: Julia’s score was almost one full standard deviation above the mean. What about some of the others?

9. Example 1: Calculating z-scores Julia: z=(86-80)/6.07 z= 0.99 {above average = +z} 6 | 7 7 | 2334 7 | 5777899 8 | 00123334 8 | 569 9 | 03 Kevin: z=(72-80)/6.07 z= -1.32 {below average = -z} Katie: z=(80-80)/6.07 z= 0 {average z = 0}

10. Statistics Chemistry Example 2: Comparing Scores • Standardized values can be used to compare scores from two different distributions • Statistics Test: mean = 80, std dev = 6.07 • Chemistry Test: mean = 76, std dev = 4 • Jenny got an 86 in Statistics and 82 in Chemistry. • On which test did she perform better? Although she had a lower score, she performed relatively better in Chemistry.

11. Percentiles • Another measure of relative standing is a percentile rank • pth percentile: Value with p % of observations below it • median = 50th percentile {mean=50th %ile if symmetric} • Q1 = 25th percentile • Q3 = 75th percentile What is Jenny’s Percentile? 6 | 7 7 | 2334 7 | 5777899 8 | 00123334 8 | 569 9 | 03 Jenny got an 86. 22 of the 25 scores are ≤ 86. Jenny is in the 22/25 = 88th %ile.

12. Chebyshev’s Inequality: In any distribution, the % of observations within k standard deviations of the mean is at least Chebyshev’s Inequality • The % of observations at or below a particular z-score depends on the shape of the distribution. • An interesting (non-AP topic) observation regarding the % of observations around the mean in ANY distribution is Chebyshev’s Inequality. Note: Chebyshev only works for k > 1

13. Summary and Homework • Summary • An individual observation’s relative standing can be described using a z-score or percentile rank • We can describe the overall pattern of a distribution using a density curve • The area under any density curve = 1. This represents 100% of observations • Areas on a density curve represent % of observations over certain regions • Homework • Day 1: pg 118-9 probs 2-2, 3, 4, pg 122-123 probs 2-7, 8

14. Density Curve: An idealized description of the overall pattern of a distribution. Area underneath = 1, representing 100% of observations. Density Curve • In Chapter 1, you learned how to plot a dataset to describe its shape, center, spread, etc • Sometimes, the overall pattern of a large number of observations is so regular that we can describe it using a smooth curve

15. Density Curves • Density Curves come in many different shapes; symmetric, skewed, uniform, etc • The area of a region of a density curve represents the % of observations that fall in that region • The median of a density curve cuts the area in half • The mean of a density curve is its “balance point”

16. Describing a Density Curve To describe a density curve focus on: • Shape • Skewed (right or left – direction toward the tail) • Symmetric (mound-shaped or uniform) • Unusual Characteristics • Bi-modal, outliers • Center • Mean (symmetric) or median (skewed) • Spread • Standard deviation, IQR, or range

17. Mean, Median, Mode • In the following graphs which letter represents the mean, the median and the mode? • Describe the distributions

18. Mean, Median, Mode • (a) A: mode, B: median, C: mean • Distribution is slightly skewed right • (b) A: mean, median and mode (B and C – nothing) • Distribution is symmetric (mound shaped) • (c) A: mean, B: median, C: mode • Distribution is very skewed left

19. Uniform PDF • Sometimes we want to model a random variable that is equally likely between two limits • When “every number” is equally likely in an interval, this is a uniformprobabilitydistribution • Any specific number has a zero probability of occurring • The mathematically correct way to phrase this is that any two intervals of equal length have the same probability • Examples • Choose a random time … the number of seconds past the minute is random number in the interval from 0 to 60 • Observe a tire rolling at a high rate of speed … choose a random time … the angle of the tire valve to the vertical is a random number in the interval from 0 to 360

20. Uniform Distribution • All values have an equal likelihood of occurring • Common examples: 6-sided die or a coin This is an example of random numbers between 0 and 1 This is a function on your calculator Note that the area under the curve is still 1

21. Discrete Uniform PDF P(x=0) = 0.25 P(x=1) = 0.25 P(x=2) = 0.25 P(x=3) = 0.25 Continuous Uniform PDF P(x=1) = 0 P(x ≤ 1) = 0.33 P(x ≤ 2) = 0.66 P(x ≤ 3) = 1.00

22. Example 1 A random number generator on calculators randomly generates a number between 0 and 1. The random variable X, the number generated, follows a uniform distribution • Draw a graph of this distribution • What is the percentage (0<X<0.2)? • What is the percentage (0.25<X<0.6)? • What is the percentage > 0.95? • Use calculator to generate 200 random numbers 1 0.20 1 0.35 0.05 Math  prb  rand(200) STO L3 then 1varStat L3

23. Statistics and Parameters • Parameters are of Populations • Population mean is μ • Population standard deviation is σ • Statistics are of Samples • Sample mean is called x-bar or x • Sample standard deviation is s

24. Summary and Homework • Summary • We can describe the overall pattern of a distribution using a density curve • The area under any density curve = 1. This represents 100% of observations • Areas on a density curve represent % of observations over certain regions • Median divides area under curve in half • Mean is the “balance point” of the curve • Skewness draws the mean toward the tail • Homework • Day 2: pg 128-9 probs 2-9, 10, 12, 13, pg 131-133 probs 15, 18