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Key Knowledge: Different measures of health status of Australians.

Key Knowledge: Different measures of health status of Australians. Measuring Health. Australia is often described as the ‘lucky country”. It has one of the healthiest populations in the world and Australian’s are even becoming healthier.

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Key Knowledge: Different measures of health status of Australians.

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  1. Key Knowledge: Different measures of health status of Australians. Measuring Health Australia is often described as the ‘lucky country”. It has one of the healthiest populations in the world and Australian’s are even becoming healthier. We can expect lower death rates, better access to treatment and services. The nature of illness have moved away from infectious disease to chronic conditions, especially those influenced by lifestyle and behaviour.

  2. Health Status The overall level of health of an individual or population, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, degree of disability, levels of disease, determinants of health and risk factors. What information would be useful if we were to make an evaluation of Australia’s health status?

  3. Let’s evaluate the health status of our class: Interview one other person in class to investigate the following information: • Past injuries • Immunisation history • Childhood illnesses • Hospitalisation • Number of tooth fillings / extractions • Illnesses in past 12 months • Illness right now • Rating of: Diet / Exercise 1= Poor, 5= Excellent • Rating of Smoking: 0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = on occasion, 3 = sometimes, 4 = regularly, 5 = heavy smoker. • Collate results and discuss the overall health status of our class!

  4. There are a range of statistical measures used to determine the health status of a nation. Some of the commonly used measures to determine health status includes: • Life expectancy • Mortality • Morbidity • Burden of disease • Prevalence • Incidence • Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) • Years of Life Lost (YLL) • Projected Life Expectancy • Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) • Health Adjusted Life Expectancy

  5. Understanding graphs The ‘picture’ provided by a graph helps you to see information more quickly than having to read a table of data. To help you read and understand a graph, you should do the following: a. Read the title of the graph. Ask yourself, what is it telling you? b. Read both axes. • The x-axis is the horizontal axis. • The y-axis is the vertical axis. c. Make sure you read the labels on both axes. What is the graph measuring? • Read the range of numbers on the y-axis. This will tell you the scale. What units does the graph use? • Read the information on the x-axis. How does it relate to the y-axis?

  6. d. Look for patterns (or trends), groups, similarities or differences. e. Can you provide reasons for the patterns (or trends), groups, similarities or differences? For a bar graph, ask yourself these questions: • What is higher or lower? • How much variation is there relative to the differences between the bar heights? For a line graph, ask yourself these questions: • What is the pattern? • Does one variable (such as percentage of population with a disease) increase or decrease with another variable (such as age in years). One variable will be shown on the x-axis and the other variable will be shown on the y-axis. • Is the pattern more complex? Is it U-shaped or bell-shaped? Does it increase linearly and level off? A pie chart presents a circle (or pie) divided into percentages and illustrates frequency (or magnitude/size) of variables. You should note the range of percentages.

  7. LIFE EXPECTANCY Is a prediction of the average number of years of life remaining, if present mortality patterns do not change. How does quality of life affect life expectancy in each of these countries?

  8. 2.3 Standardised death rates(a), Australia MORTALITY The number of deaths in a population. Mortality rates are the most commonly used measure of health. Mortality rates are often compared between population groups and internationally. According to the ABS, in Australia in 2008, the male mortality rate had decreased to 7.3 deaths per 1,000 standard population, 2.3 deaths higher than the female rate of 5.0 deaths per 1,000 standard population.

  9. MORBIDITY Ill health, illness or disease in an individual and levels of ill health in a population group. Morbidity rates are quoted in terms of prevalence and incidence. Prevalence refers to the number of cases of a given disease or condition at a particular time.

  10. Incidence refers to the number of new cases during a given period. Incidence is used to determine whether the number of cases is increasing or decreasing.

  11. BURDEN OF DISEASE The impact of a particular disease or condition in relation to the amount of healthy life lost due to premature death, illness and/or disability. It measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation. YEARS OF LIFE LOST (YLL) Measurement of the loss of years of life as a result of premature death (fatal). If someone dies of cancer at age 50 and their expected life expectancy is 78, how many years of life has been lost? YEARS LOST DUE TO DISABILITY (YLD) Measurement of the loss of healthy life as a result of non-fatal health conditions such as disease or injury.

  12. DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR (DALY) International measurement for health which combines the impact of premature death and the impact of disability and illness. DALY = YLL + YLD Examples: Diana has been healthy all of her life but suddenly dies of a heart attack 20 years earlier than her projected LE. Diana has lost 20 years of healthy life – 20 DALYs (YLL). If Angus lived to 75 years of age but only 70 years are lived without a disability, what is Angus’ DALY? How many years did he have of YLD?

  13. Top Causes of Burden of Disease Write down what you think are: • The top 3 causes for overall burden of disease in Australia (YLL + YLD) • The top 3 causes of premature death (YLL) • The top 3 causes of disability and illness (YLD) Let’s distinguish between causes and risk factors……..

  14. Data analysis What are the top 3 contributors of YLL in Australia? What are the top 3 contributors of YLD in Australia? What are the top 3 contributors to overall burden of disease in Australia? Approximately how many DALYs are contributed by each of them?

  15. HEALTH ADJUSTED LIFE EXPECTANCY (HALE) Number of years in full health that a newborn can expect to live, including adjustment for time spent in poor health. HALE = projected life expectancy – DALY If a person lives to 85 years of age but only 75 years are healthy, their HALE is ????????? 75 years!

  16. Class discussion and analysis: • ‘Analysing DALYs data’ Page 14 text. Homework • Complete any unfinished activities/class work. • Extension – complete ‘Review questions’ on page 15.

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