Biological level of analysis 2.1: Physiology and behaviour

1. Biological level of analysis2.1: Physiology and behaviour The Nervous system: structure and function By Ms Lindstrom

2. How much does a brain weigh?

3. Answer • An avarage brain weighs 1,3-1,4 kilos

4. One way to study biological psychology: • Physiology: how the nervous system and hormones work, how the brain functions, how changes in structure and/or function can affect behaviour. For example, we could ask how prescribed drugs to treat depression affect behaviour through their interaction with the nervous system. • Therefore, If we want to understand all aspects of behaviour, perhaps we should start with one of the smallest units, the basic building block of the body, the cell.

5. The Neuron • The neurons (nerve cells) areone of the building blocks of behaviour. • The Neurons sendelectrochemicalmessagesto the brain so thatpeoplecanrespondto stimuli.

6. Central Nervous System

7. Neurons • The human brain is made up of around 10 – 100 billion neurons. The total collection of nerve cells in the body is called the nervous system and the major part of the nervous system, consisting of the brain and the spinal cord, is called the central nervous system (CNS). • Neurons outside the CNS, which take information between the CNS and various regions of the body, are called peripheral neurons.

8. The NervousSystem The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system, covering of the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. The latter is further divided into the somatic division and the autonomic division. The somatic division controls voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs. The autonomic division controls involuntary functions such as those of the heart, blood vessels and lungs. The autonomic division is further divided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions. The former prepares the body in emergency situations and the latter helps the body return to its resting state.

10. The Spinal Reflex

11. Neurons handle information in the body, taking messages from one part of the body to another.

12. Neurons

13. Outgoing information

14. A typical motor neuron see p. 39 in your booknucleus: contains genetic informationcell body: houses the nucleus and other structures common to all living cellsaxon: a thin cylinder of protoplasm which projects away from the cell body and carries signals from the dendrites to other neuronesdendrites: branch out from the cell body, and receive signals from neighbouring neuronesmyelin sheath: a white fatty substance, which insulates the axon and speeds up the rate of transmissionNodes of Ranvier: points along the axon which are not covered by the myelin sheathpresynaptic terminal: the small buttons at the end of the branches of the axon

15. Neurons

16. McGyver Excersise • In groups of five • Create a model of a “neuron” using whatever material you can find • You have 5 minutes!

17. Neurotransmission • Is the method by which these messages are sent by With an electrical impulse down the axon of the neuron, it releases neurotransmitters which then cross the gap to another neuron. This gap is called a synapse. Neurotransmitters are the body’s natural chemical messengers (of information)

18. Neurotransmission • Underlies behaviour as mood, memory, sexual arousal and mental illness. • Drugs as alcohol, marihuana, Ecstasy, Cocaine… affect our neurotransmissions in different ways, producing therefore different outcomes/experiences. • Psychopharmalogical drugs work in the same way, trying to affect our neurotransmissions to either simulate or to block it, but with the mission of improving the lives

19. Neurotransmitters • Examples: • Acetylcholine – muscle contraction, memory • Dopamine – voluntary movement, learning, feelings of pleasure • Noradrenaline – arousal, alertness, stimulating the sympathetic nervous system • Serotonin – sleep, arousal levels, emotion In total there are over fifty identified transmitter substances

20. Neurotransmitters • “brain's language and acts as the volume buttons” • When we feel, think, and remember the neurotransmitters are involved. • Depression, neuroses and psychoses can be caused by problems with neurotransmitters.

21. Videos NEURONS AND NEURO-TRANSMITTERS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FR4S1BqdFG4 Brain of a genius: • http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/understanding-the-brain-genius.html • Teenagebrain: • http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/understanding-the-brain-teenagers.html

22. Questions • 1. What is a neuron? • 2. Explain the meaning of the statement `Neurons are the building blocks of the entire nervous system'. • 3. What is a neurotransmitter?

23. Brain Group work: present in the following order and make a power point presentation and a poster about your topic • 3 : general mapping of the brain: include localization and function of the areas and layers. What happens if it becomes damaged? (give three examples) How do we know about these areas today (link it to studies)? Do not include Broca’s and Wernicke’s area! • 2:Broca’s area: mapping, description of the area, history (why it is called Brocas’s area, study + method) • 2: Wernicke’s area mapping, description of the area, history (why it is called Wernicke’s area, study + method) • 3: brain hemispheres + split brain surgery: different functions? what is split brain surgery (Study by Sperry +method)? Why is it used? Short history • 2: Case studies of brain-damaged patients (can use Ramachandran’s work) • Neurotransmitters: • 2: Acetylcholine (Ahc): describe its use and function and what happens if one has too much or too little of it (link it to a study) • 2:Dopamine: describe its use and function and what happens if one has too much or too little of it (link it to a study) • 2: Serotonin: describe its use and function and what happens if one has too much or too little of it (link it to a study) • 3: research methods: which research methods are used to study the brain and neurotransmitters? Give examples (studies) Why are they used? Evaluate. • Assessment details: see handout ”Rubric for the Brain Group Work” • Find info in your textbook, revision guides and on the internet