Horizontal study on ENVIRONMENT

1. Horizontal study on ENVIRONMENT Environmental Policies: Challenges and Opportunities for Portugal

2. Technology Innovation--> Eco-efficiency factor* * 15-50, Maxson and Vonkeman (1997) “MASTER EQUATION” Environmental Impact = GDP/ Person * Population * • Environmental Impact/unit of GDP Engineering and Technology

3. Metrics Are Important Goals Normal Practice Stage Practices Measurement Decision Paradigm Change Stage Multidisciplinarity Social Environmental New Vision Economical New Concepts ET 2000 New Norms A View for a Prospective Study New scientifical framework: Industrial Ecology Metaphors Are Important

4. Metrics Are Important 2) 3) Environmental policyanalysis EnvironmentalIndicators 1) Multidisciplinarity New scientifical framework: Industrial Ecology Social Environmental HeavyTrends Economical ET 2000 Organization of the Study Normal Practice Stage Paradigm Change Stage Metaphors Are Important

5. New scientific framework Industrial Ecology

6. Business-as-usual • Compliance with regulations • Pollution prevention • Eco-efficiency • Design for the Environment (DFE) • Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) • Industrial Ecology Conventional More systems- oriented Sustainable Historical Pattern of Environmental Strategies

7. Industrial Ecology:Nature’s Sustainable Paradigm • Mimics the development of sustainable ecosystems. • Cycling material stocks • Cascading energy utilization • Dynamically stable to perturbations • Approaches a “thermodynamic” steady-state • Entropy-minimizing • Interdependent and highly organized • Balance between humans and the rest of nature. • Bounds to growth (carrying capacity) • Deliberate approach towards sustainable levels of human activity.

8. Primitive stage, evolving system Organism Unlimited Unlimited (Ecosystem Waste Sinks Resources Component)

9. Early stage, evolving ecosystem Ecosystem Component Limited Energy & Limited Wastes Resources Ecosystem Ecosystem Component Component

10. Emergent, sustainable ecosystem Ecosystem Component Energy Ecosystem Component Ecosystem Component

11. Energy Materials Manufacturer Processor Waste Consumer Other Other Subsystems Subsystems Industrial ecological system

12. Environmental policy 2) Environmental policyanalysis

13. Environmental policy • At an European level: • 5th framework programme for environment • Agenda 2000 • At a National level: • Lei de bases do ambiente • Plano nacional da política de ambiente • Portugal: uma visão estratégica para vencer o século XXI (MEPAT) • PESGRI (Plano estrat. de resíduos industriais) • PERSU (Plano estrat. de resíduos sólidos urbanos) • PERAGRI (Plano estrat. de resíduos agrícolas)

14. 3) EnvironmentalIndicators HeavyTrends The State of the Environment

15. EEA OCDE Portugal Greenhouse gases Climate change Ar e clima Dispersion of hazardous substances Transboundary air pollution Air quality Ar e clima Ozone-depleting substances Ozone layer depletion Water stresses Dispersion of hazardous substances Water quality Water resources Aguas interiores Ambientes marinhos e costeiros Soil degradation Forest resources Solos Waste generation and management Waste Resíduos Natural and technological hazards Riscos naturais e tecnológicos Change and loss of biodiversity  Biodiversity Biodiversidade e florestas Genetically modified organisms Environmental questions

16. Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change • Global and European annual mean air temperatures have increased by 0.3-0.6°C since 1900. • If further temperature increases are to be limited to 1.5°C by 2100 and to 0.1°C per decade, and sea levels are to rise no more than 2 cm per decade, industrialised countries need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 percent between 1990 and 2010.

17. Country Target (%) Country Target (%) Austria -13.0 Italy -6.5 Belgium -7.0 Luxembourg -28.0 Denmark -21.0 Netherlands -6.0 Finland 0 Portugal 27.0 France 0 Spain 15.0 Germany -21.0 Sweden 4.0 Greece 25.0 United Kingdom -12.5 Ireland 13.0 EU Total -8.0 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change • Kyoto Protocol to Convention on Climate Change targets:

18. Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change

19. Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change

20. Politics Building Materials Environment Energy Food Production Metalworks Eventual implementation of an energy/CO2 tax Improvment of energy eficiency in the production of concrete Reduction of CO2 and CH4 emissions from waste disposal Composting of organic waste Reduction of landfilling of organic waste Control of CH4 emissions from landfill Low carbon intensity energy production Renewableenergies (water, wind, biomass) Increaing use of co-generation Lower use of fertilization Control of CH4 emissions from animal manure Modification of processe in aluminum industry for lower PFC emissions Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change

21. Automobile Transportation and distribution Engineering Services Improved energy efficiency Improve catalytic convertertechnology to reduce emissions of N2O Better public transportation services Transportation Energy management, with emphasis to buildings Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change

22. Table of Contents ? • 1 Introduction • 2 Industrial Ecology • 3 Elements of environmental policy • 4 Environmental appraisal at an international level • 4.1 Environmental indicators • 4.2 Heavy trends • 5 Sector questionnaires • 6 The state of environment in Portugal • 6.1 Global analysis • 6.2 Sectors analysis • 7 Definition of strategies for the future

24. Ozone layer destruction • UV global trends are estimated to increase by 3-4% per decade in northern hemisphere midlatitudes and 3-9% in southern hemisphere midlatitudes. • The ozone layer can start recovering, but full recovery will take another 50 years if emissions of ozone depleting substances were zero in 1999, the earliest recovery year physically possible is 2033.

25. Compound ODP Compound ODP CFC-11 1.0 HCFC-123 0.012 CFC-12 0.82 HCFC-124 0.026 CFC-113 0.90 HCFC-141b 0.086 CFC-114 0.85 HCFC-142b 0.043 CFC-115 0.40 HCFC-225ca 0.017 Halon 1301 12 HCFC-225cb 0.017 Halon 1211 5.1 CH3Br 0.37 Halon 2402 6.0 CH3Cl 0.02 CCl4 1.20 CH2ClBr 0.15 CHCCl3 0.12 CH2BrCH2CH3 0.026 HCFC-22 0.034 HFCs <0.0005 Ozone layer destruction • Ozone Depleting Potentials (ODP)

26. Compound Year Montreal Protocol Halons 1994 100% phase out CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, methyl cloroform 1996 100% phase-out HBFCs 1996 100% phase-out HCFCs 1996 freeze on calculation consumption at 2.8% of CFC consumption in 1989 plus total HCFC consumption in 1989 2004 35% reduction from above freeze limit 2010 65% reduction 2015 90% reduction 2020 Phase out with a 0.5% tail until 2030 to service existing equipment Methyl bromide 1995 Freeze on production and consumption at 1991 levels 1999 25% reduction from above freeze limit 2001 50% reduction from above freeze limit 2003 70% reduction 2005 100% phase-out Ozone layer destruction • Schedules :

27. Environment Energy Chemicals Information systems Recovery and adequate disposal of compounds that deplete ozone layer in used consumer goods Low biomass burning Find substituts of HCFCs and HFCs Control of CFCs smuggling Ozone layer destruction • Main challenges for portuguese sectors:

28. Air Quality • Emissions to air may lead to 4 principal problems: • Acidification: SO2, NOX, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs); • Trophosferic ozone: VOCs, NOx; • Bioaccumulation: Heavy Metals, Persistent Organic Poluents (POP); • Eutrofization: NOx, NH3;

29. Air Quality • Main sectors involved: • SO2 : Energy (use of fossil fuels); • NOx : Transport; • NH3 : Agriculture; • Non methane VOCs (NMVOCs) : Agriculture and Transport; • Heavy Metals : Industry (Metalwork); • POP : Industry;

30. Air Quality • Major trends:

31. Air Quality

32. Building Materials Environment Energy Food Production Metalworks Reduction of heavy metals emissions Reduction of emissions of POP in the treatement of wood Better control of emissions of heavy metals from incineration and co-incineration Recuperation of heavy metals and clorine from waste Use of combustible with lower heavy metals content Reduction of the sulfur content in fuels Higher control of SO2 emissions Better efficiency in the production of energy Better control of COV and NH3 emissions Better control of heavy metals and POP Air Quality • Challenges for portuguese sectors

33. Automobile Chemicals Transport and Distribution Information Systems Engineering Services Better fuel use efficiency Control of emissions from the cloro-alkali process Reduction of the chlorine and heavy metals in plastics Improvement of the public transportation services Better efficiency in fuel use Reduction of aeroplane emissions Monitorization of air quality Dispersion modelling Air Quality

34. Water stresses • Water abstraction: • Portugal abstracts 12% of the water resource, but approximately half of this value is consumed. • The major use of water is for irrigation:

35. Water stresses • Water contamination, that concerns mainly: • organic matter and phosphorus pollution, which is decreasing in Europe, particularly in the last case, due to the reduction of phosphate content in detergents; a major source is Industry. • nitrate pollution from Agriculture, a problem of particular concern to drink water;

36. Environment Food Production Metalwork Chemicals Information Systems Use of waste water treatment with nutrients removal (tertiary treatment) Recuperation of heavy metals from waste water treatment sludge Increase in efficiency in water use in Agriculture Reuse water from other sectors in Agriculture Increase in efficiency in water use Reuse of water Monitorization of dispersion from diffuse fonts Water stresses • Main challenges for portuguese sectors Better efficiency in water use Reuse of water Reduction in pollution from fertilisants production

37. Soil Degradation • The soil can be considered a non-renewable resource due to the necessary for its formation. The human activity can degrade soil by causing : • Soil loss, due to : • impermeabilization; • erosion : by water or wind and caused by over-grazing and agricultural practices. The erosion by water risk is expected to increase in Southern Europe. Due to climate change the erosion by water risk in the U.E. is expected to rise by 80% till 2050;

38. Soil Degradation • Soil Degradation: • Local : waste managment and production in Industry and Transport (support installations); • Diffuse : intensive practices in Agriculture, Transport, Industry (Metalwork, waste disposal, oil refineries);

39. Soil Degradation

40. Building Materials Environment Energy Food production Automobile Transport and Distribution Recuperation of soil degraded by extraction of building materials Better control of pollution to soil from waste disposal Reduction in soil pollution in oil refineries and gas plants Reduction of pesticide use Adoption of cultural practices that prevent erosion and degradation of the soil functions Increase of the organic content of soils needed Reduction of emissions of acidifying substances (SO2, NOx) Reduction of emissions of acidifying substances (SO2, NOx) Land-use planning Soil Degradation • Main challenges for portuguese sectors

41. Chemicals Metalwork Better management of wastes Better control of soil pollution by metals in extraction of ores and processing of metals Recuperation of soil degraded by extraction of ores Soil Degradation

42. Wastes • The waste quantities rise: between 1990 and 1995 the wastes rise by 10 % in the U.E. and free market area. The impact of wastes in the environment is not only due to their characteristics but also the impact of their transportation and treatment. • Due to the increase in control in pollution to water and air there are appearing new wastes with higher levels of pollutants which treatment is difficult, such as waste water treatment sludge and waste from combustion gas treatment. • In Portugal in 1998 were produced a total of 963 021 tonnes of industrial waste of which 4,6% were hazard wastes.

43. Wastes

44. Construction and demolition Environment Food production Automobile Metalwork Chemicals Reduction and recycling of wastes from construction and demolition activities Preference of reuse and recicling in management of wastes Recuperation of polluants in wastes from gas treatment and sewage sludge Aplication of sewage sluge on agriculture if their quality permits Reduction in container material Use of reusable ou recyclable containers Implementation of a management system for end-of-life-veicules Better management of wastes from mines Reduction of hazard substances content in plastics Wastes • Main challenges to portuguese sectors:

45. Natural and Technological Risks

46. Biodiversity • The biodiversity of genes, species, ecosystems and habitats is in threat in the European Union. • The main factors that afect biodiversity are agriculture intensification, land abandonment, monoespecific florest, urban and transport infrastructure devolopment, climate change, introduction of alien species and genetically modified organisms and pollution. • In Portugal the most proeminent factors that afect habitats are land abandonment, afforestation, agriculture intensification, fires and urbanization.

47. Biodiversity

48. Food Production Transport and Distribution Energy and Industry Less intensification in agriculture Preservation of semi-natural habitats related to traditional agricultural practices Reduce agriculture pollution Reduce habitat fragmentation because of transport infrastructures Reduce pollution Biodiversity • Main challenges for portuguese sectors:

49. Genetically modified organisms • Genetic Modification involves a transfer of genetic materal between species. The applications of Genetically Modified Organismes (OGM) that have a greater potential for impacte in the environment are agricultural production, food processing and animal feed. • In Europe deliberate releases of OGM in the environment have been practiced since 1985-86. • The main impact of OGM is the transfer of genes between OGN and natural plants which can lead to a increase in invasivness of wild species and a modification of pressions in agriculture.

50. Food Production Enginnering Services Reduce transfer of adverse genes througt dispersion of pollen and seeds Modification of agricultural practices to cope with gene transfer Monitorization and assessment of the effect of OGM releases in environment and human health Genetically modified organisms • Main challenges for portuguese sectors: