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Arsitektur dan Protokol

Arsitektur dan Protokol. Adiyuda Prayitna. Protokol. Protokol?? Suatu cara yang sudah ditetapkan secara baku. Misal : Upacara Bendera Pengamanan terhadap diri presiden dll. Mengapa perlu Protokol ??. Perlunya standarisasi dalam pengiriman dan penerimaan data

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Arsitektur dan Protokol

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  1. ArsitekturdanProtokol AdiyudaPrayitna

  2. Protokol • Protokol?? Suatu cara yang sudah ditetapkan secara baku. Misal : • Upacara Bendera • Pengamanan terhadap diri presiden • dll

  3. MengapaperluProtokol?? • Perlunyastandarisasidalampengirimandanpenerimaan data • Antarapengirimdanpenerimaharussiapmenjalankanpertukan data • Pengirimmengetahuikemanaharusmengirim. • Penerima data mengetahuibahwamasukditujukanuntuknya

  4. Use of Standard Protocols

  5. Kegunaanprotokol • Encapsulation • Segmentation and reassembly • Connection control • Ordered delivery • Flow control • Error control • Addressing • Multiplexing • Transmission services

  6. Encapsulation • Addition of control information to data • Address information • Error-detecting code • Protocol control

  7. Segmentation (Fragmentation) • Data dibagikedalamblok-blokterpisahdalamukurantertentu • Application layer messages may be large • Network packets may be smaller • Splitting larger blocks into smaller ones is segmentation (or fragmentation in TCP/IP) • ATM blocks (cells) are 53 octets long • Ethernet blocks (frames) are up to 1526 octets long • Checkpoints and restart/recovery

  8. Why Fragment? • Keuntungan • Pengendalian error semakinefisien • Akseskejaringansemakinwajar. • Delay yang semakinpendek • Buffer semakinkecil • Kerugian • Overheads • Meningkatnyainterupsidisisipenerima • Waktupemrosesansemakin lama

  9. Connection Control • Connection Establishment • Data transfer • Connection termination • May be connection interruption and recovery • Sequence numbers used for • Ordered delivery • Flow control • Error control

  10. Connection Oriented Data Transfer

  11. Ordered Delivery • PDUs Mungkinakandikirimkanmelaluijaringan yang berbeda • PDUs Mungkinakansampaikekomputertujuandenganurutanacak • PDUs mendapatkannomorurutpengiriman.

  12. Protokol Data Unit (PDU) • Penambahan network header • Alamat jaringan untuk komputer tujuan • Fasilitas permintaan

  13. Flow Control • Berakhirdenganditerimanyasebuahentitas/data • Limit amount or rate of data • Stop and wait • Credit systems • Sliding window • Needed at application as well as network layers

  14. Error Control • Guard against loss or damage • Error detection • Sender inserts error detecting bits • Receiver checks these bits • If OK, acknowledge • If error, discard packet • Retransmission • If no acknowledge in given time, re-transmit • Performed at various levels

  15. Addressing • Addressing level • Addressing scope • Connection identifiers • Addressing mode

  16. Addressing level • Level in architecture at which entity is named • Unique address for each end system (computer) and router • Network level address • IP or internet address (TCP/IP) • Network service access point or NSAP (OSI) • Process within the system • Port number (TCP/IP) • Service access point or SAP (OSI)

  17. Addressing Scope • Global nonambiguity • Global address identifies unique system • There is only one system with address X • Global applicability • It is possible at any system (any address) to identify any other system (address) by the global address of the other system • Address X identifies that system from anywhere on the network • e.g. MAC address on IEEE 802 networks

  18. Connection Identifiers • Connection oriented data transfer (virtual circuits) • Allocate a connection name during the transfer phase • Reduced overhead as connection identifiers are shorter than global addresses • Routing may be fixed and identified by connection name • Entities may want multiple connections - multiplexing • State information

  19. Addressing Mode • Usually an address refers to a single system • Unicast address • Sent to one machine or person • May address all entities within a domain • Broadcast • Sent to all machines or users • May address a subset of the entities in a domain • Multicast • Sent to some machines or a group of users

  20. Multiplexing • Supporting multiple connections on one machine • Mapping of multiple connections at one level to a single connection at another • Carrying a number of connections on one fiber optic cable • Aggregating or bonding ISDN lines to gain bandwidth

  21. Transmission Services • Priority • e.g. control messages • Quality of service • Minimum acceptable throughput • Maximum acceptable delay • Security • Access restrictions

  22. Standarisasi Protocol Architectures • Yang diperlukan untuk alat untuk komunikasi • Penjual mempunyai lebih banyak produk untuk dipasarkan • Pelanggan dapat meminta dg tegas peralatan yg berdasarkan standarisasi • Two standards: • OSI Reference model • Never lived up to early promises • TCP/IP protocol suite • Most widely used • Also: IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

  23. OSI • Open Systems Interconnection • Dikembangkan oleh the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) • Seven layers • Suatu sistem teoritisyang dikirimkan sudah terlambat • TCP/IP is the de facto standard

  24. OSI - The Model • A layer model • Tiap-tiap layer melakukanfungsi yang diperlukan untuk komunikasi • Tiap-tiap layer mempercayakanpada layer berikutnya yg lebih rendahuntuk melaksanakan fungsi yg lebih primitif • Tiap-tiap layer menyediakan jasa untuk layer berikutnya yang lebih tinggi • Perubahan di satu layertidak memerlukan perubahan di layer yg lain

  25. OSI Layers

  26. The OSI Environment

  27. OSI as Framework for Standardization

  28. Layer Specific Standards

  29. Elements of Standardization • Spesifikasi protokol • Operasi antara lapisan yg sama pada dua sistem • Mungkin melibatkan sistem operasi yg berbeda • Spesifikasi protokol harus tepat • Format of data units • Semantics of all fields • allowable sequence of PCUs • Service definition • Functional description of what is provided • Addressing • Referenced by SAPs

  30. Service Primitives and Parameters • Jasa antara layer yg bersebelahandinyatakan dalam kaitan dengan primitif dan parameter • Primitives menetapkan fungsi untuk dilakukan • Parameters melewatkan data dan mengendalikan info

  31. Primitive Types

  32. Timing Sequence for Service Primitives

  33. OSI Layers (1) • Physical • Physical menghubungkan antar alat • Mechanical • Electrical • Functional • Procedural • Data Link • Mengaktifkan, memelihara dan mematikanlink • Error detection and control • Higher layers may assume error free transmission

  34. OSI Layers (2) • Network • Transport dari informasi • Layer tertinggi tidak memerlukan untuk mengetahuitentang teknologi layer di bawahnya • Tidak diperlukan pada direct links • Transport • Pertukaran data antar akhir sistem • Bebas error • In sequence • Tidak ada losses • No duplicates • Quality of service

  35. OSI Layers (3) • Session • Mengendalikan dialog antar aplikasi • Dialogue discipline • Pengelompokan • Recovery • Presentation • Data formats and coding • Kompressi data • Encryption • Application • Aplikasi digunakan untuk mengakses lingkungan OSI

  36. Use of a Relay

  37. TCP/IP Protocol Architecture • Dikembangkan oleh the US Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) for its packet switched network (ARPANET) • Digunakan oleh internet global • Tidak ada macam modeltetapi aktif satu. • Application layer • Host to host or transport layer • Internet layer • Network access layer • Physical layer

  38. Physical Layer • Physical menghubungkan antaraalat transmisi data (e.g. computer) dan medium transmisiatau jaringan • Karakteristik dari medium transmisi • Signal levels • Data rates • etc.

  39. Network Access Layer • Pertukaran dataantara sistem akhirdan jaringan • Tujuan ketetapan alamat • Permohonan jasa seperti prioritas

  40. Internet Layer (IP) • Sistem mungkindipasangke jaringan yang berbeda • Fungsi routing menyebrang ke berbagai jaringan • Implementasi di akhir sistem dan routers

  41. Transport Layer (TCP) • Dipercaya dalam pengiriman data • Pemesanan pengiriman

  42. Application Layer • Support untuk aplikasi pengguna • e.g. http, SMPT

  43. OSI v TCP/IP

  44. TCP • Transport layer biasanyaadalah Transmission Control Protocol • Koneksi dapat dipercaya • koneksi • Temporary logical association antar kesatuan di dalam sistem yg berbeda • TCP PDU • Disebut dengan TCP segment • Termasuk port sumber dan tujuan (c.f. SAP) • Identifikasi pelanggan masing - masing (applications) • Koneksi mengacu padapair dari ports • TCP tracks segments anatra kesatuan pada tiap – tiap koneksi

  45. UDP • Alternative dari TCP yaitu User Datagram Protocol • Tidak dijamin dalam pengirimannya • Tidak ada pemeliharaan dalam urutan • Tidak ada perlindungan melawan terhadap duplikasi • Minimum overhead • Adds port addressing to IP

  46. TCP/IP Concepts

  47. Addressing level • Level dalam architecture dimana kesatuan dinamai • Pengalamatan unikuntuk tiap akhir sistem (computer) and router • Network level address • IP or internet address (TCP/IP) • Network service access point or NSAP (OSI) • Proses didalam sistem • Port number (TCP/IP) • Service access point or SAP (OSI)

  48. Trace dari operasi sederhana • Process dihubungkan dengan port 1 di host A mengirim pesan kepada port 2 di host B • Process yang adamenjatuhkan pesanke TCP untuk dikirim ke port 2 • TCP menjatuhkan ke IP untuk dikirim ke host B • IP menjatuhkanke network layer (e.g. Ethernet) untuk dikirim ke router J • Menghasilkan satu set encapsulated PDUs

  49. PDUs in TCP/IP

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