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Chapter 37 Immune System

Chapter 37 Immune System. Section 1: Infectious Diseases. Section 2: The Immune System. Section 3: Noninfectious Disorders. Immune System. Chapter 37. 37.1 Infectious Diseases. Pathogens Cause Infectious Disease.

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Chapter 37 Immune System

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  1. Chapter 37 Immune System Section 1: Infectious Diseases Section2: The Immune System Section 3: Noninfectious Disorders

  2. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Infectious Diseases Pathogens Cause Infectious Disease • An infectious disease is a disease that is caused when a pathogen is passed from one organism to another. • Pathogens are the cause of infectious disease. • Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Parasites • Protozoans

  3. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Infectious Diseases Koch’s Postulates

  4. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Infectious Diseases Spread of Disease • A disease reservoir is a source of the pathogen in the environment. • Reservoirs might be animals, people, or inanimate objects, such as soil.

  5. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Infectious Diseases Human Reservoirs • Humans are the main reservoir for pathogens that affect humans. • An individual that is symptom-free but capable of passing the pathogen is called a carrier.

  6. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Infectious Diseases Animal Reservoirs • Other animals also are reservoirs of pathogens that can be passed to humans. • Influenza • Rabies

  7. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Infectious Diseases Other Reservoirs • Soil • Contaminated water or food

  8. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Infectious Diseases Transmission of Pathogens Direct contact Indirect contact through air Indirect contact by objects Vectors

  9. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Infectious Diseases Symptoms of Disease • The virus multiplies in the cells and leaves the cells either by exocytosis or by causing the cell to burst. • The virus damages tissues and even kills some cells. • Harmful chemicals or toxins might be produced.

  10. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Infectious Diseases Disease Patterns • As outbreaks of diseases spread, certain patterns are observed. • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) monitor disease patterns to help control the spread of diseases.

  11. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Infectious Diseases Treating and Fighting Diseases • Anantibiotic is a substance that can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. • Penicillium • Erythromycin • Neomycin • Gentamicin

  12. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Nonspecific Immunity • The body has a number of defenses in the immune system that fight off pathogens. • These defenses are nonspecific because they are not aimed at a specific pathogen. • Helps to prevent disease • Helps to slow the progression of the disease

  13. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Skin Barrier • Dead skin cells help protect against invasion by microorganisms. • Bacteria that live symbiotically on the skin digest skin oils to produce acids that inhibit many pathogens.

  14. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Chemical Barriers • Saliva, tears, and nasal secretions contain the enzyme lysozyme. • Lysozyme breaks down bacterial cell walls, which kills pathogens. • Mucus acts as a protective barrier, blocking bacteria from sticking to the inner epithelial cells.

  15. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Nonspecific Responses to Invasion • The body has nonspecific immune responses to pathogens that get beyond its barriers. • Cellular defense • Interferon • Inflammatory response

  16. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Cellular Defense • Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytic cells surround and internalize the foreign microorganisms. • The phagocytes release digestive enzymes and other harmful chemicals from their lysosomes, destroying the microorganism.

  17. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Interferon • Virus-infected cells secrete a protein called interferon. • Interferon binds to neighboring cells and stimulates these cells to produce antiviral proteins which can prevent viral replication in these cells.

  18. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Inflammatory Response • Increased blood flow to the infected area makes blood vessels more permeable to allow white blood cells to escape into the infected area.

  19. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Specific Immunity • Lymphatic system • Organs and cells that filter lymph and blood and destroy foreign microorganisms

  20. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Lymphatic Organs • Lymphatic tissue • Lymphocytes • Lymphocytesare a type of white blood cell that is produced in red bone marrow.

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  22. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System • These lymphatic organs include • Lymph nodes • Tonsils • Spleen • Thymus gland • Diffused lymphatic tissue found in mucous membranes of the intestinal, respiratory, urinary, and genital tracts

  23. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System B Cell Response • Antibodiesare proteins produced by B lymphocytes that specifically react with a foreign antigen. • B lymphocytes, often calledB cells,are located in all lymphatic tissues and can be thought of as antibody factories. Visualizing Immune Response

  24. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System B Cell Response • The activated helper T cell reproduces, binds processed antigens, and attaches to a B cell. • The new helper T cells continue the process of binding antigens, attaching to B cells, and reproducing.

  25. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System B Cell Response • Once an activated helper T cell binds to a B cell holding an antigen, the B cell begins to manufacture antibodies that specifically bind to the antigen. • The antibodies can enhance the immune response by binding to microorganisms, making them more susceptible to phagocytosis and by initiating the inflammatory response, helping promote the nonspecific response.

  26. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System T Cell Response • Helper T cells bind to and activate cytoxic T cells. • Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy pathogens and release chemicals called cytokines. Cytokines stimulate the cells of the immune system.

  27. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Passive Immunity • Temporary protection occurs when antibodies are made by other people or animals and are transferred or injected into the body.

  28. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Active Immunity • Active immunity occurs after the immune system is exposed to disease antigens and memory cells are produced. Active immunity can result from having an infectious disease. • Immunization is the deliberate exposure of the body to an antigen so a primary response and immune memory cells will develop.

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  30. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System • The secondary response to the antigen has a number of different characteristics. • The response is more rapid than the primary response. • The overall response, both B and T cell response, is greater during the second exposure. • The overall memory lasts longer after the second exposure.

  31. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 The Immune System Immune System Failure • Some diseases can affect the immune system’s effectiveness. • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) • HIV infects mainly helper T cells. • The helper T cells become HIV factories, producing new viruses. • The number of helper T cells in an infected person decreases.

  32. Immune System Chapter 37 37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Genetic Disorders • Diseases caused by the inheritance of genes that do not function properly in the body • Albinism • Sickle cell anemia • Huntington disease • Hemophilia

  33. Immune System Chapter 37 37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Degenerative Diseases • Degenerative diseasesare the result of a part of the body wearing out sooner than would be expected in a person’s lifetime. • Arthritis • Arteriosclerosis

  34. Immune System Chapter 37 37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Metabolic Diseases • Metabolic diseaseresults from an error in a biochemical pathway. • Type I diabetes Cancer • Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth.

  35. Immune System Chapter 37 37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Inflammatory Diseases • Inflammatory diseases are diseases in which the body produces an inflammatory response to a common substance.

  36. Immune System Chapter 37 37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Allergies • Plant pollens • Dust • Dust mites • Various foods

  37. Immune System Chapter 37 37.3 Noninfectious Disorders

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  39. Immune System Chapter 37 37.3 Noninfectious Disorders Autoimmunity • Form antibodies to their own proteins, which injures their cells • Rheumatoid arthritis • Rheumatic fever • Lupus Virtual Pathology

  40. Immune System Chapter 37 Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

  41. Immune System Chapter 37 Chapter Diagnostic Questions True or False All bacteria and viruses cause disease.

  42. Immune System Chapter 37 Chapter Diagnostic Questions What do Koch’s postulates prove?

  43. Immune System a specific pathogen causes a specific disease Chapter 37 Chapter Diagnostic Questions anthrax is harmful to humans pathogens can be grown in the lab all bacteria are pathogens

  44. Immune System Chapter 37 Chapter Diagnostic Questions West Nile Virus is an example of a disease which is spread by _______. direct contact indirect contact by objects indirect contact through the air vectors

  45. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Formative Questions Which help keep pathogens from thriving and multiplying on your skin? bacteria histamines natural antibiotics red blood cells

  46. Immune System the set of symptoms caused by the pathogen Chapter 37 37.1 Formative Questions What is a disease reservoir? the source of a pathogen the organ the pathogen infects the medium that transmits the pathogen

  47. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Formative Questions What are the most common vectors that transmit diseases? arthropods mammals chemical toxins tiny mucus droplets

  48. Immune System Chapter 37 37.1 Formative Questions What is the source of most antibiotics? bacteria fungi protists plants

  49. Immune System Chapter 37 37.2 Formative Questions Which is true of nonspecific immunity? It takes time to develop. It involves helper T cells. It is the first line of defense. It is the most effective immune response.

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