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So far…

So far…. Liberalism UN Charter UDHR. Cassin’s Portico: UDHR “Integrated” Document. What UDHR Achieved. 58 member states with varied Ideologies Political systems Religious and Cultural backgrounds Socio-economic development First time HR set forth in such detail

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So far…

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  1. So far… • Liberalism • UN Charter • UDHR

  2. Cassin’s Portico: UDHR “Integrated” Document

  3. What UDHR Achieved • 58 member states with varied • Ideologies • Political systems • Religious and Cultural backgrounds • Socio-economic development • First time HR set forth in such detail • Principles enshrined in national legislations • HR should be taken together

  4. Where we are going.. • Institutionalization • Enforcement/Adjudication/Supranational Mechanisms for Implementation of HR “Norms”

  5. United Nations

  6. UN Organs Chart • http://www.un.org/aboutun/chart_en.pdf

  7. General Assembly • 192 Member countries • Each with one vote • Meets annually • Members discuss, debate, recommend • No binding authority • Approves UN’s budget • Establish agencies and programs to carry out recommendations.

  8. Security Council • Maintain and restore international peace • Decisions are binding on all UN members • Power to define threat + determine actions • Enforce decisions by ordering members to act • 15 members; 5 permanent; 10 rotating • Decisions require 9 votes BUT • Veto right of the great powers • Convenes any time of “threat to the peace”

  9. Security Council

  10. Secretariat • UN’s executive branch • Oversees administration of UN’s policies • Day-to-day administration • Headed by SG, who is UN’s spokesperson • Develop international civil service of diplomats and bureaucrats whose loyalties are not tied to any one country

  11. Chosen by General Assembly Nominated by SC 5-year renewable term Brings issues to SC Mediates over conflicts Secretary General

  12. Secretaries General

  13. Economic and Social Council or ECOSOC • Coordinates UN’s economic and social work • 54 member countries elected by GA • 3-year terms • Studies and recommends actions on international topics, i.e. medicine, education • 5 regional commissions • 9 topical commissions • Specialized agencies provide social services

  14. International Court of Justice • aka World Court, The Hague, The Netherlands • Judicial arm of UN; do not confuse with ICC • 15 judges elected by SC/GA • No requirement to participate • No stare decisis (decisions binding on parties) • States are parties (not individuals) • Advisory Opinions

  15. ICJ akaWorld Court

  16. Trusteeship Council • Est. to oversee transition of certain colonies to independence • Last of those colonies gained independence in 1994 • obsolete

  17. Membership in the UN • New members admitted with recommendation by SC and 2/3 vote of GA • Early years UN West-dominated • Balance of power changed in 50s – 60s • US primary user of veto • Taiwan issue

  18. FUNDING • Member states pay dues • Based on wealth and ability to pay • Member states also make additional $$ contributions for peacekeeping missions • US largest contributor, 22% of UN’s 2006 budget; 26% of peacekeeping • http://www.unausa.org

  19. Towards the end of promoting peace and security • Peacekeeping • Economic development • Global environment • Arms control, disarmament • Human rights

  20. Peacekeeping = non-aggressive use of military force to settle conflicts. • UN peacekeepers = Neutral • Observers • Buffer • Negotiators • Monitor ceasefires • Supervise elections • Provide humanitarian aid

  21. Peacekeeping continued • Lightly armed • SC grants authority for peacekeeping mission • UN has no army; SC borrows members • SC chooses a single commander • Conflicting parties must agree to UN presence • Funding - single biggest reason for lack of use • From peacemaking to peacekeeping • Now PEACEBUILDING

  22. Peacebuilding • Action to support structures that will strengthen and consolidate peace by fostering international development, social justice, protection of human rights, good governance and the democratic process

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