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Chapter One

Chapter One. The Nature of Probability and Statistics. How can I do well in this class?. Make sure you can do basic algebra. Attend all lectures. Complete all assignments. • Go over answers to assignments. • READ and STUDY the vocabulary. • Form study groups with fellow students.

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Chapter One

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  1. Chapter One The Nature of Probability and Statistics

  2. How can I do well in this class? • Make sure you can do basic algebra. • Attend all lectures. • Complete all assignments. • Go over answers to assignments. • READ and STUDY the vocabulary. • Form study groups with fellow students. • Make sure you can use a calculator. • HAVE FUN!!!

  3. What Statistics is NOT • Statistics is not math. • We use math to do statistics, but the emphasis is on interpretation.

  4. Business Economics, Engineering, Marketing, Computer Science Physical Sciences Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics Areas where STATISTICS are used Health & Medicine Genetics, Clinical Trials, Epidemiology, Pharmacology Environment Agriculture, Ecology, Forestry, Animal Populations Government Census, Law, National Defense

  5. What do statisticians do? • Study the safety of nuclear power plants. • Evaluate the impact of pollution. • Determine the effectiveness of new drugs. • Estimate the U.S. unemployment rate. • Analyze consumer demand for products. • Plan and analyze agricultural experiments.

  6. What are Statistics? • Statistics are particular calculations made from data. • Example: • In this class there are 34 third year students. • This is data. • 34% of this class are third year students. • This is a statistic.

  7. What is Statistics? • Statistics is the science of gaining information from data. • This is how stats touches all other subjects. We get our data from all other subjects: i.e. sociology, biology, engineering, economics, apparel and fashion merchandising, and more.

  8. Vocabulary Knowing these will help you understand the problems. • Cluster sample – randomly select a few clusters(e.g. geographic area, schools in a large district) • Confounding Variable – influences outcome but cannot be separated (e.g. a study of the relationship between height and income) • Continuous variable – infinite number between

  9. Vocabulary Knowing these will help you understand the problems. • Convenience sample • Data – values the variables can take on. • Descriptive statistics – collect, organize, summarize, and present data. • Discrete variable – can be counted.

  10. Vocabulary Knowing these will help you understand the problems. • Experimental study – manipulation of a variable to see the effect on other variables. • Inferential statistics – generalizing from samples to populations (relationships, estimations, and hypothesis tests). • Observational study

  11. Vocabulary Knowing these will help you understand the problems. • Population – ALL subjects being studied. • Qualitative variables – can be put in distinct categories. • Quantitative variables – can be ordered or ranked (height, arm length). • Random sample – chance methods or random numbers. • Sample – group of subjects from pop.

  12. Vocabulary Knowing these will help you understand the problems. • Stratified sample – divide by characteristic and sample within strata. • Systematic sample – number subjects and select every kth subject. • Variable – characteristic or attribute that can assume different values. • ∑ (means to add whatever is to the right of the symbol).

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