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模块 2.2 出口交易磋商

模块 2.2 出口交易磋商. 教学目标 最终目标: 能熟练准确地完成出口报价的核算,完成交易磋商。 促成目标: 能准确进行出口成本核算 能准确计算出口运费 能准确计算出口保险费以及佣金 能完成出口交易磋商 能准确缮制合同. 任务 2.2.1 出口报价核算. 任务目标 能够在准确计算出口成本、运费、保险费及佣金的基础上,核算出口报价。. 计算实际成本、国内费用、国际运费、最终报价( CIFC3 ). 实际成本的计算 采购成本 = 货价 + 增值税额

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模块 2.2 出口交易磋商

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  1. 模块2.2 出口交易磋商 教学目标 最终目标: 能熟练准确地完成出口报价的核算,完成交易磋商。 促成目标: 能准确进行出口成本核算 能准确计算出口运费 能准确计算出口保险费以及佣金 能完成出口交易磋商 能准确缮制合同

  2. 任务2.2.1 出口报价核算 任务目标 能够在准确计算出口成本、运费、保险费及佣金的基础上,核算出口报价。

  3. 计算实际成本、国内费用、国际运费、最终报价(CIFC3)计算实际成本、国内费用、国际运费、最终报价(CIFC3)

  4. 实际成本的计算 采购成本 = 货价 + 增值税额 = 货价 + 货价×增值税率 货价 = 采购成本÷(1 + 增值税率)   退税收入 = 货价×出口退税率 = 采购成本÷(1 + 增值税率)× 出口退税率   实际成本 = 采购成本 - 退税收入 = 采购成本 - 采购成本÷(1 + 增值税率)× 出口退税率 = 采购成本 ×(1 + 增值税率 - 出口退税率)÷(1 + 增值税率)

  5. 【示例1】 某公司在国内采购一批足球以备出口。每只足球的购货成本是165元人民币,其中包含17%的增值税。若足球出口可以有8%的退税,求每只足球的实际成本。 解:实际成本= 165 ×(1 + 17% - 8%)÷(1 + 17%) = 153.72(元/只)

  6. 国内费用的计算 方法一: 单位出口商品国内总费用 = 估算的各项费用之和 ÷ 出口商品数量 方法二:   单位出口商品国内总费用 = 单位商品采购成本 × 定额费率

  7. 【示例2】 某公司出口冷冻水产品17吨,每吨进货价格为5600元人民币。估计该批货物国内运杂费共计1200元,出口商检费300元,报关费100元,港区港杂费950元,其他各种费用共计1500元,另有银行手续费800元,求该水产品每吨的国内费用。 解:每吨水产品国内费用 = (1200 + 300 + 100 + 950 + 1500 + 800)÷ 17 = 285.29(元/吨) 本例中,假定定额费率为进货价的5.5%,则 每吨水产品国内费用 = 5600 × 5.5% = 308(元/吨)

  8. 国际运费的计算 件杂货物班轮运费的计算 班轮运费=基本运费 + 附加费 基本运费的计算标准: A 按货物毛重计算。一公吨为一重量吨,以W表示 B 按货物体积计算。一立方米为一尺码吨,以M表示 C 按货物价值计算。以Ad. Val.表示(FOB价格) D 按毛重、体积的高者计算。以W/M表示 E 按毛重、体积、价值的高者计算。以W/M or Ad val.表示 F 按毛重、体积的高者再加上从价运费。以W/M and Ad. val.表示 G 按每件货物计算。如每头(per head)、每辆(per unit) H 双方议定运费。适用于数量大、价值低的矿产品、农副产品。以“OPEN”表示。 附加费:燃油附加费、超重附加费、超长附加费、直航附加费、港口附加费、选择港附加费等等。

  9. 【示例3】 某公司出口澳大利亚100台打印机,用纸箱包装,每箱1台。每箱长45cm,宽40cm,高25cm;每箱毛重3.5kg。轮船公司另要加收20%的燃油附加费和10%的港口拥挤费。计算这批货物的运费。(按美元计,假定USD1=CNY6) 货物等级表

  10. 中国-澳大利亚航线等级费率表

  11. 解:查货物等级表,获知打印机的运费等级与计算标准(10,W/M)解:查货物等级表,获知打印机的运费等级与计算标准(10,W/M) 查等级费率表,获知10级货物基本运费443元 计算重量,W=3.5kg=0.0035重量吨 计算体积,M=0.45×0.40×0.25=0.045尺码吨 由于M>W,所以按M计算运费 运费=100×443×0.045×(1+20%+10%) = 2591.55(元) = 431.925(美元)

  12. 集装箱货物海洋运费的计算 国际货物运输中常用的集装箱有20英尺和40英尺两种规格,具体数据如下: 1A型8×8×40 ft. 外径2438×2438×12191 mm 内径2380×2300×12050 mm 1C型8×8×20 ft. 外径2438×2438×6058 mm 内径2380×2340×5900 mm 20英尺的集装箱载货重量为17500千克,有效容积25立方米; 40英尺的集装箱载货重量为24500千克,有效容积55立方米。

  13. 整箱货(Full Container Load,FCL) 拼箱货(Lessthan Container Load,LCL) 集装箱货物海运运费的计算,有两种不同的计算方法。 对于LCL而言,以每运费吨为单位,按照传统的件杂货等级费率收取基本运费,再加收一定的附加费。 对于FCL而言,是以每个集装箱为单位,按照包箱费率来计算运费。常见的包箱费率有三种: (1)FAK(Freight for All Kinds)对每一集装箱不分货物级别统一收取的费率; (2)FCS(Freight for Class)按不同货物等级制订相应的费率; (3)FCB(Freight for Class & Basis)按不同货物等级或货类以及计算标准制订的费率。

  14. 出口保险费的计算 出口交易中,当采用CIF(或CIP)术语时,出口方需要核算保险费。计算公式如下: 保险费= 保险金额×保险费率 保险金额= CIF(或CIP)价格×(1 + 投保加成率) 投保加成率如果交易双方没有特别约定,一般都是10%。 如果已知CFR(或CPT)价格,可按以下公式换算: CIF= CFR÷[ 1 - (1 + 投保加成率) × 保险费率] = (FOB价+国际运费)÷[ 1 - (1 + 投保加成率)× 保险费率 ]

  15. 【示例4】 向日本出口钢材,已知CFR价格为每公吨520美元,现改报CIF价,按10%加成投保一切险,保险费率0.55%,计算CIF价和保险费。 解:CIF = 520 ÷ [ 1 - (1 + 10% ) × 0.55% ] = 523.1652(美元) 保险费= 523.1652 × (1 + 10% ) × 0.55% = 3.17(美元)

  16. 佣金的计算 佣金(Commission)是买方或卖方付给中间商的报酬。包含佣金的价格称作含佣价,不包含佣金的价格称作净价(net price)。它们之间的计算关系是: 含佣价= 净价÷(1 – 佣金率)

  17. 利润的计算 利润 = 出口成本×利润率 利润 = 出口价格×利润率 由此得到: 以出口成本为基数,则出口价格 = 出口成本×(1 + 利润率) 以出口价格为基数,则出口价格 = 出口成本÷(1 - 利润率)

  18. 最终报价核算 当需要支付佣金、且利润是按照利润率以出口报价为基数来计算时,报价为: FOBC = (实际成本 + 国内总费用)÷(1 - 佣金率 - 利润率) CFRC = (实际成本 + 国内总费用 + 国际运费)÷(1 - 佣金率 - 利润率) CIFC = (实际成本 + 国内总费用 + 国际运费)÷ [ 1 -(1 + 投保加成率)× 保险费率 - 佣金率 - 利润率 ]

  19. 操作示例: BS100的出口报价核算: 实际成本= 采购成本 ×(1 + 增值税率 - 出口退税率)÷(1 + 增值税率) = 1500 × (1 + 17% - 13%)÷ (1 + 17%) = 1333.3333(元/打) 国内费用= (20 + 5 )÷ 12 + (600 + 550 + 50 + 800 + 1600)÷ (100 × 12) = 5.0833 (元/打) 国际运费= 2100 × 6 ÷ (100 × 12)= 10.5(元/打) CIFC3 = (1333.3333 + 5.0833 + 10.5)÷ [ 1 -(1 + 10%)× 0.9% - 3% - 10% ] = 1568.3253(元/打) = 261.39(美元/打)

  20. 任务2.2.2 出口发盘函的撰写 任务目标 能够撰写发盘函。

  21. 询盘(Inquiry) 是为了试探对方对交易的诚意和了解其对交易条件的意见。内容可以涉及价格、品质、数量、包装、交货期以及索取样品、商品目录等等。多数情况是询问价格,因此也叫询价。可以由买方提出,也可以由卖方提出。 【示例】 WANT TO BUY MIDDLE-SIZE T-SHIRT 1500 DOZENS PLEASE OFFER THE LOWEST PRICE AND THE EARLIEST DELIVERY.

  22. 发盘(Offer) 是指交易的一方向另一方提出出售或购买某种商品的各项交易条件,并表示愿意按这些条件与对方达成交易,订立合同的行为。发盘既是商业行为,也是法律行为——要约。由卖方发出的叫做销售发盘(Selling Offer),由买方发出的叫做购买发盘(Buying Offer),或递盘(Bid)。 【示例】 SUPPLY MIDDLE-SIZE T-SHIRT 100 CARTONS, 20 DOZENS TO A CARTON, FIFTY U.S.DOLLARS PER DOZEN CIF LONDON DECEMBER SHIPMENT, IRREVOCABLE SIGHT L/C SUBJECT REPLY REACHING US FIFTEENTH.

  23. 发盘的构成条件 根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定,一个发盘应具备三个条件: (1)必须有特定的受盘人。可以是一个,也可以一个以上,但必须是特定的。 (2)内容必须十分明确。明确货物的品种、数量、价格。 (3)表明发盘人受其约束。即一旦对方接受,就按发盘内容成交。

  24. 发盘的生效 发盘于送达受盘人时生效。 发盘的撤回 发盘撤回的条件是撤回发盘的通知要赶在发盘之前或与发盘同时到达受盘人。 发盘的撤销 发盘撤销的条件是撤销的通知于受盘人发出接受通知之前到达受盘人。 但是,以下两种情况下,发盘是不能撤销的: (1)发盘中明确写明了发盘的有效期或明确写明不可撤销(Firm,Irrevocable) (2)受盘人有理由相信发盘是不可撤销的,并采取了与交易有关的活动。

  25. 发盘的失效 出现以下情形之一,发盘人不受发盘的约束: (1)受盘人拒绝通知到达发盘人手里; (2)受盘人还盘; (3)发盘人依法撤销发盘; (4)发盘有效期届满; (5)人力不可抗拒的原因造成发盘失效,如政府禁令; (6)在发盘被接受之前,当事人丧失行为能力,如死亡或破产。

  26. 操作示例: • SUZHOU SHIAN TRADING CO., LTD. • ADD:1000 RENMIN ROAD, SUZHOU, JIANGSU, CHINA POST CODE:215001 • TEL: 0086-512-63628800 FAX: 0086-512-63628800 EMAIL:LIM@SHIAN.COM.CN • March 23, 2011 • FRANK TEXTILES LTD. • 18 MAYFIELD ROAD, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK • 30021 Denmark • Dear Mr. House, • We are pleased to make you an offer regarding our products. • Commodity: LINHUA BRAND ALL COTTON BED-SHEETS • ART. NO. BS100 USD 261.39 PER DOZEN CIFC3 COPENHAGEN • Packing: ART. NO. BS100 to be packed in carton of 12 dozens each, 100 cartons in one 20’FCL • Shipment: Shipment is to be effected within 30 days of the receipt of the relevant L/C, but not later than June 30th, 2011. • Insurance: To be covered by the seller for 110% of total invoice value against all risk and war risk. • Payment: By irrevocable sight letter of credit for full amount of the invoice value. • The offer valid until March 30, 2011 our time. We are looking forward to receiving your order. • Yours faithfully, • SUZHOU SHIAN TRADING CO., LTD. • LiMing

  27. 任务2.2.3 还盘与还价核算 任务目标 能够根据客户的还盘,进行还价核算,拟写还盘函。

  28. 还盘(Counter-offer) 是对发盘的拒绝,还盘一经作出,原发盘即失去效力,发盘人不受其约束。一项还盘等于是受盘人向发盘人提出的新发盘。还盘作出后,双方的地位发生互换。 【示例】 YOUR OFFER OF OCT.8 ACCEPTABLE IF PAYMENT BY D/P. WE THINK YOUR OFFER IS TOO HIGH, WHICH IS DIFFICULT FOR US TO ACCEPT.

  29. 接受(Acceptance) 是交易的一方在接到对方的发盘或还盘后,以声明或行为向对方表示同意。 【示例】 WE ACCEPTED “RED STAR” GLOVES 2000 DOZENS H.K.DOLLAR 3.50 PER DOZEN CIF LONDON SHIPMENT DURING JULY PAYMENT IN SIGHT IRREVOCABLE L.C. 接受的构成条件 (1)必须由受盘人作出。 (2)内容必须与发盘相符,不得有实质性更改。 (3)必须在有效期内接受。

  30. 接受的生效 接受于接受通知书到达发盘人时生效。对于行为表示的接受,于做出行为时生效(有效期内)。 关于迟到的接受,一般是无效的。但以下两种情况例外: (1)发盘人立即通知受盘人表示同意 (2)由于传递的原因导致迟到,这种接受仍然有效,除非发盘人明确表示该接受无效。 接受的撤回 接受撤回的条件是,撤回的通知赶在接受到达发盘人之前或与接受同时到达发盘人。

  31. 还价核算 利润= 销售收入 – 费用 – 实际成本 实际成本= 销售收入 – 费用 – 利润 某项费用= 销售收入 –利润 – 其他费用 – 实际成本

  32. 对方还盘: ART. NO. BS100 USD 240 PER DOZEN CIFC3 COPENHAGEN 请根据对方的还盘信息,进行还价核算,并撰写还盘。 1.根据丹麦方面的还价,计算 (1)我公司的预计利润有多少? (2)如果接受对方价格,同时保证公司有5%的利润,其他条件均不变,那么公司能接受的国内采购价格最高是多少? (3)通过和国内供应方协调,采购价格可以下调到BS100每打1450元,公司要求获得8%的利润,问新的报价是多少?

  33. 操作示例: 1.还价核算 (1)BS100,客户还价每打240美元 预计利润= 240 × (1 – 110% × 0.9% - 3%)×6 - (1333.3333 + 5.0833 +10.5) = 33.62(元/打) (2)BS100 实际成本= 销售收入 – 保险费 – 佣金 – 利润(5%)- 国际运费 – 国内费用 = 240 × (1 – 110% × 0.9% - 3% - 5% )× 6 – 10.5 - 5.0833 = 1294.9607 (元/打) 含税采购成本最高= 1294.9607 × (1 + 17% ) ÷ (1 + 17% - 13% ) = 1456.83 (元/打) (3)实际成本= 1450 × (1 + 17% - 13%)÷ (1 + 17%) = 1288.8889(元/打) CIFC3 = (1288.8889 + 5.0833 + 10.5)÷ [ 1 -(1 + 10%)× 0.9% - 3% - 8% ] = 1482.1863(元/打) = 247.04(美元/打)

  34. 2.还盘函 • SUZHOU SHIAN TRADING CO., LTD. • ADD:1000 RENMIN ROAD, SUZHOU, JIANGSU, CHINA POST CODE:215001 • TEL: 0086-512-63628800 FAX: 0086-512-63628800 EMAIL:LIM@SHIAN.COM.CN • March 30, 2011 • FRANK TEXTILES LTD. • 18 MAYFIELD ROAD, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK • 30021 Denmark • Dear Mr. House, • Thank you for your letter of March 27,2011. We have discussed the matter with our manufactures and brought them to see eye to eye with the idea of lowering our price, but still your counter-offer seems too low to be accepted. Since this is the first business between us, we try our best to quote as follows: • ART. NO. BS100 USD 247.04 PER DOZEN CIFC3 COPENHAGEN • This quotation is valid until April 8, 2011. Please take advantage of this chance and send your acceptance to us as soon as possible. • Yours faithfully, • SUZHOU SHIAN TRADING CO., LTD. • LiMing

  35. 任务2.2.4 出口合同签订 任务目标 能够根据双方磋商的结果,缮制出口合同;能够撰写签约函

  36. 请以李明的身份,根据磋商的结果和合同基本条款制作销售确认书,要求条款内容具体全面。拟写签约函,催促迅速会签合同,并希望信用证在4月30日前开到。请以李明的身份,根据磋商的结果和合同基本条款制作销售确认书,要求条款内容具体全面。拟写签约函,催促迅速会签合同,并希望信用证在4月30日前开到。 合同号码:SG-TXTILE01 合同日期:2011年4月10日 信函日期:2011年4月10日

  37. 操作示例:

  38. PACKING: ART. NO. BS100 TO BE PACKED IN CARTON OF 12 DOZENS EACH, 100 CARTONS IN ONE 20’FCL SHIPPING MARK: FRANK TEXTILES LTD. COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SG-TXTILE01 NO. 1-100 TIME OF SHIPMENT: WITHIN 30 DAYS OF THE RECEIPT OF THE RELEVANT L/C, BUT NOT LATER THAN JUNE 30TH, 2011. PARTIAL SHIPMENT AND TRANSSHIPMENT ARE ALLOWED. PORT OF LOADING:SHANGHAI, CHINA DESTINATION: COPENHAGEN, DENMARK TERMS OF PAYMENT: THE BUYER SHALL OPEN AN IRREVOCABLE L/C IN FAVOR OF THE SELLER BEFORE APRIL 30TH, 2011. THE SAID L/C SHALL BE AVAILABLE BY DRAFT AT SIGHT FOR FULL INVOICE VALUE AND REMAIN VALID FOR NEGOTIATION IN CHINA FOR 15 DAYS AFTER SHIPMENT.

  39. INSURANCE: TO BE COVERED BY THE SELLER FOR 110% OF TOTAL INVOICE VALUE AGAINST ALL RISK AND WAR RISK AS PER THE OCEAN MARINE CARGO CLAUSES OF THE PEOPLE’S INSURANCE COMPANY OF CHINA, DATED JAN. 1ST, 1981. REMARKS: 1.The buyer shall have the covering Letter of Credit reach the Seller 30 days before shipment, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to regard as still valid whole or any part of this contract not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses thus sustained, if any. 2. It is mutually agreed that the certificate of quality/quantity issued by the China Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau shall be part of the documents to be presented for negotiation under the relevant L/C. 3. The Sellers shall present to the negotiating bank, Clean On Board Bill of Lading, Invoice, Quality/Quantity Certificate issued by the China Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, and Insurance Policy. 4. In case of quality discrepancy,claim should be filed by the buyer with 2 months after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination. In case of quantity discrepancy,claim should be filed by the buyer with 15 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination.The Buyer shall furnish a certificate issued by SGS.

  40. 5. If the fulfillment of the contract is prevented by reason of earthquake,flood,storm or other causes of force majeure,the Seller shall not be liable.However,the Seller shall notify the Buyer by cable and furnish the later with 15 days by registered airmail with a certificate issued by China Council for the Promotion of International Trade attesting such event or events. 6. All disputes arising in connection with this contract or the execution thereof shall be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisions of the said Commission.The award by the said Commission shall be deemed as final and binding upon both parties. 7. The Buyer is requested to sign and return one copy of this contract immediately after receipt of the same. Objection, if any, should be raised by the Buyer within 3 working days, otherwise it is understood that the Buyer has accepted the terms and conditions of this contract. Confirmed by: THE SELLERTHE BUYER (signature) (signature)

  41. 签约函 SUZHOU SHIAN TRADING CO., LTD. ADD:1000 RENMIN ROAD, SUZHOU, JIANGSU, CHINA POST CODE:215001 TEL: 0086-512-63628800 FAX: 0086-512-63628800 EMAIL:LIM@SHIAN.COM.CN April 10, 2011 FRANK TEXTILES LTD. 18 MAYFIELD ROAD, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK 30021 Denmark Dear Mr. House, Thank you for your order of April 3, 2011. We are pleased to do business with you and are sending you our signed Sales Confirmation No. SG-TXTILE01 in duplicate. Please return one copy with your counter-signature for our file. You can be assured that we will try our best to execute the order, and that the good quality of our commodities will meet your request. As the shipment date is approaching, please open the relevant L/C to reach us before 30th April so that we can effect shipment on time. Yours faithfully SUZHOU SHIAN TRADING CO., LTD. LiMing

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