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QMSS 2 – Summer School

Groningen, September 3 rd 2011. QMSS 2 – Summer School. The co-evolution of trust and advice. Filip Agneessens & Rafael Wittek University of Groningen/ICS, The Netherlands Email: f.agneessens@rug.nl. Overview and background. Relevance :

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QMSS 2 – Summer School

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  1. Groningen, September 3rd 2011 QMSS 2 – Summer School The co-evolution of trust and advice Filip Agneessens & Rafael Wittek University of Groningen/ICS, The Netherlands Email: f.agneessens@rug.nl Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  2. Overviewand background Relevance: Knowledge sharingamong employees important in knowledge-intensive, decentralizedorganizations (outsideformal “lines” of communication). Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  3. Overviewand background • Relevance: • Knowledge sharingamong employees important in knowledge-intensive, decentralizedorganizations (outsideformal “lines” of communication). • Adviceseeking is a socialprocess: • Depends on socialprocesses in advicenetworks • socialcapitalperspective (exchange mechanism) • social status perspective (differentiation) • => Agneessens, F. andWittek, R. (In press). “Where do intra-organizational advice relations come from? The role of informal status and social capital in social exchange”. Social Networks. Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  4. Overviewand background • Relevance: • Knowledge sharingamong employees important in knowledge-intensive, decentralizedorganizations (outsideformal “lines” of communication). • Adviceseeking is a socialprocess: • Depends on socialprocesses in advicenetworks • socialcapitalperspective (exchange mechanism) • social status perspective (differentiation) • => Agneessens, F. andWittek, R. (In press). “Where do intra-organizational advice relations come from? The role of informal status and social capital in social exchange”. Social Networks. • METHODOLOGICAL QUESTION: why do we oftenfind a negative effect forcycles? Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  5. Overviewand background • Relevance: • Knowledge sharingamong employees important in knowledge-intensive, decentralizedorganizations (outsideformal “lines” of communication). • Adviceseeking is a socialprocess: • Depends on socialprocesses in advicenetworks • socialcapitalperspective (exchange mechanism) • social status perspective (differentiation) • => Agneessens, F. andWittek, R. (In press). “Where do intra-organizational advice relations come from? The role of informal status and social capital in social exchange”. Social Networks. • METHODOLOGICAL QUESTION: why do we oftenfind a negative effect forcycles? • (How) are advice relations interrelated • with trust relations? Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  6. Advice Two major “perspectives”: • Social Status Perspectives: • Blau, P.M., 1955. The Dynamics of Bureaucracy. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. • SocialCapitalPerspectives: • Burt’sstructural holes (1992) • Networks as access to resources (Lin, 1999; Brass, 1984) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  7. Advice Two major “perspectives”: Social Status Perspectives: SocialCapitalPerspectives: (1) Individuals strive for access to valuable resources like information, knowledge, and expertise. Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  8. Advice Two major “perspectives”: Social Status Perspectives: (1) Individuals strive for statusas a means to improve their relative social position in a group SocialCapitalPerspectives: (1) Individuals strive for access to valuable resources like information, knowledge, and expertise. Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  9. Advice Two major “perspectives”: Social Status Perspectives: (1) Individuals strive for statusas a means to improve their relative social position in a group SocialCapitalPerspectives: (1) Individuals strive for access to valuable resources like information, knowledge, and expertise. (2) Knowledge result of receiving advice. Social capital result of indebtedness of others (advice giving), and avoiding indebtedness to others (advice seeking). => SOCIAL EXCHANGE Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  10. Advice Two major “perspectives”: Social Status Perspectives: (1) Individuals strive for statusas a means to improve their relative social position in a group (2) Status result of advice giving (increase status), and refrain from advice seeking (decrease in status) => HIERARCHICAL SocialCapitalPerspectives: (1) Individuals strive for access to valuable resources like information, knowledge, and expertise. (2) Knowledge result of receiving advice. Social capital result of indebtedness of others (advice giving), and avoiding indebtedness to others (advice seeking). => SOCIAL EXCHANGE A former alpha male who has lost his status in a fight is either cast out or remains in the group as a shadow of his former self. (www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/apr/29/leaders-debate-naked-politician) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  11. Advice Two major “perspectives”: Social Status Perspectives: (1) Individuals strive for statusas a means to improve their relative social position in a group (2) Status result of advice giving (increase status), and refrain from advice seeking (decrease in status) SocialCapitalPerspectives: (1) Individuals strive for access to valuable resources like information, knowledge, and expertise. (2) Knowledge result of receiving advice. Social capital result of indebtedness of others (advice giving), and avoiding indebtedness to others (advice seeking). (3) Advice from highly knowledgeable individuals (frequent advice seekers) is considered as more valuable than advice obtained from less knowledgeable individuals. Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  12. Advice Two major “perspectives”: Social Status Perspectives: (1) Individuals strive for statusas a means to improve their relative social position in a group (2) Status result of advice giving (increase status), and refrain from advice seeking (decrease in status) (3) Advice from high status individuals is considered more valuable than advice obtained from low status individuals SocialCapitalPerspectives: (1) Individuals strive for access to valuable resources like information, knowledge, and expertise. (2) Knowledge result of receiving advice. Social capital result of indebtedness of others (advice giving), and avoiding indebtedness to others (advice seeking). (3) Advice from highly knowledgeable individuals (frequent advice seekers) is considered as more valuable than advice obtained from less knowledgeable individuals. Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  13. Advice Two major “perspectives”: Social Status Perspectives: (1) Individuals strive for statusas a means to improve their relative social position in a group (2) Status result of advice giving (increase status), and refrain from advice seeking (decrease in status) (3) Advice from high status individuals is considered more valuable than advice obtained from low status individuals SocialCapitalPerspectives: (1) Individuals strive for access to valuable resources like information, knowledge, and expertise. (2) Knowledge result of receiving advice. Social capital result of indebtedness of others (advice giving), and avoiding indebtedness to others (advice seeking). (3) Advice from highly knowledgeable individuals (frequent advice seekers) is considered as more valuable than advice obtained from less knowledgeable individuals. Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  14. Implications for structures? Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  15. Advice Two major “perspectives”: Social Status Perspectives: SocialCapitalPerspectives: Focus on 4 structures: -Reciprocity (dyadic exchange) -Triadic-cyclicality (triadic exchange) -Indegree-outdegreecorrelation (generalized exchange) -Indegree-outdegree-assortativity Seeking advice among employees is like grooming among apes  Al Bart Dave Charles Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  16. Advice Two major “perspectives”: RECIPROCITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  17. Advice Two major “perspectives”: RECIPROCITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Al Bart Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  18. Advice Two major “perspectives”: RECIPROCITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Who will Al groom? Al Bart Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  19. Advice Two major “perspectives”: RECIPROCITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Al Bart Al Bart Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  20. Advice Two major “perspectives”: RECIPROCITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Al Bart Al Bart Charles Al Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  21. Advice Two major “perspectives”: CYCLICALITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Al Bart Charles Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  22. Advice Two major “perspectives”: CYCLICALITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Who will Al groom? Al Bart Charles Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  23. Advice Two major “perspectives”: CYCLICALITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Al Bart Charles Al Bart Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  24. Advice Two major “perspectives”: CYCLICALITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Al Bart Charles Al Bart Dave Al Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  25. Advice Two major “perspectives”: CYCLICALITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Al Bart Charles Al Bart Dave Al Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  26. Advice Two major “perspectives”: GENERALIZED EXCHANGE SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Bart Dave Bart Charles Alan Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  27. Advice Two major “perspectives”: GENERALIZED EXCHANGE SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Bart Dave Bart Charles What will Al do? Alan Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  28. Advice Two major “perspectives”: GENERALIZED EXCHANGE SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Bart Dave Bart Charles Alan Al Dave & Charles Bart Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  29. Advice Two major “perspectives”: GENERALIZED EXCHANGE SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Bart Dave Bart Charles Alan Al Dave & Charles Bart Eva Al Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  30. Advice Two major “perspectives”: IN/OUT ASSORTATIVITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Many Chris’s Many Dave’s Bart Al What will Al do? Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  31. Advice Two major “perspectives”: IN/OUT ASSORTATIVITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Many Chris’s Many Dave’s Bart Al Many Chris’s Many Dave’s Bart Al Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  32. Advice Two major “perspectives”: IN/OUT ASSORTATIVITY SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: Many Chris’s Many Dave’s Bart Alan Many Chris’s Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek Many Dave’s Bart Al

  33. Advice Two major “perspectives”: SocialCapitalPerspectives: Social Status Perspectives: YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  34. Results (part 1) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  35. Advice • Data: • Housing office • 57 respondents • 4 waves • Technique: • Longitudinalnetwork analysis withRSiena • Multiplex network analysis: Interactionbetweenadviceand trust Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  36. Advice (See: Agneessens and Wittek (in press), Social Networks) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  37. Advice • Reciprocal: Advice seeking IV: DV: Trust IV: DV: A B Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  38. Advice (See: Agneessens and Wittek (in press), Social Networks) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  39. Advice • Reciprocal: • Exchange important mechanism at dyadic level • credit slips (Coleman, 1990) EXCHANGE MECHANISM: Prefer to ask those who need to return you a favor + Advice seeking IV: DV: Trust IV: DV: A B Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  40. Advice • Reciprocal: • Exchange important mechanism at dyadic level • credit slips (Coleman, 1990) • Transitivity: + C A B B A Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  41. Advice (See: Agneessens and Wittek (in press), Social Networks) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  42. Advice • Reciprocal: • Exchange important mechanism at dyadic level • credit slips (Coleman, 1990) • Transitivity: • (A) seeksadvicefrom the advisors (B) of one’sadvisors (C) • Createsshortcutfrom A to B, whilekeeping (!) the indirect connection • does itindicateclosure? + + C A B B A Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  43. Advice • Reciprocal: • Exchange important mechanism at dyadic level • credit slips (Coleman, 1990) • Transitivity: • (A) seeksadvicefrom the advisors (B) of one’sadvisors (C) • Createsshortcutfrom A to B, whilekeeping (!) the indirect connection • does itindicateclosure? => no, “consistent” withhierarchy • Look at cyclicality + + C A B B A Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  44. Advice Cyclicality:Triadic exchange? • Triadic exchange: • C asks A foradvice, • but C can’t return the favorto A ? C B A (See also: Agneessens and Wittek (in press), Social Networks) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  45. Advice Cyclicality:Triadic exchange? • Triadic exchange: • C asks A foradvice, • but C can’t return the favorto A • however… B asked C before ? C B A (See also: Agneessens and Wittek (in press), Social Networks) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  46. Advice Cyclicality:Triadic exchange? • Triadic exchange: • C asks A foradvice, • but C can’t return the favorto A • however… B asked C before • C canuse his “credit slip” from B toask a favorfor A C B A (See also: Agneessens and Wittek (in press), Social Networks) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  47. Advice (See: Agneessens and Wittek (in press), Social Networks) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  48. Advice • Cyclicality:Triadic exchange? • Tendstobenegative… why? • Triadic exchange: • C asks A foradvice, • but C can’t return the favorto A • however… B asked C before • C canuse his “credit slip” from B toask a favorfor A – C B A (See also: Agneessens and Wittek (in press), Social Networks) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  49. Advice • Cyclicality:Triadic exchange? • Tendstobenegative… why? => Status (Blau, 1955) • Triadic exchange: • C asks A foradvice, • but C can’t return the favorto A • however… B asked C before • C canuse his “credit slip” from B toask a favorfor A STATUS MECHANISM: Don’t ask advice to the advice seekers of your advice seekers – C B A (See also: Agneessens and Wittek (in press), Social Networks) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

  50. Advice • Cyclicality:Triadic exchange? • Tendstobenegative… why? => Status (Blau, 1955) • HOWEVER: • Generalized:Beingasked = high status & Asking = Low status • Triadic exchange: • C asks A foradvice, • but C can’t return the favorto A • however… B asked C before • C canuse his “credit slip” from B toask a favorfor A STATUS MECHANISM: Don’t ask advice to the advice seekers of your advice seekers – C C B B A A (See also: Agneessens and Wittek (in press), Social Networks) Advice & Trust - Agneessens, Wittek

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