Intermediate Level Grammar Issues: Fragments and Run-ons

1. Indent Sp Insert I don’t understand ?

3. Teacher Time Savers • Revising – Peer editing • Editing – don’t grade -- choose a few grammar points to focus on

4. t– wrong tense ww – wrong word wo – wrong word order frag. – fragment(not a complete sentence) run-on – 2 or more sentences in one t I go to school yesterday. ww I gave him money of bread. wo I saw Rebecca lunch before. frag And that was it. run on Foibe went to Windhoek she saw many things

5. Intermediate Level Grammar Issues • Ss are trying to write more complicated sentences • Typical errors: fragments and run-ons • How can we help them? • Teach them how to: • Use conjunctions and semi colons • Identify clauses

6. What is a sentence? Most people, when they say “sentence”, are only thinking of an independent clause.

7. Actually sentences are made up of different kinds and numbers of clauses.

8. 4 Types of Sentences

9. “a sentence” Simple sentence: also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. A. Some studentslike to study in the mornings.B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.C. Aliciagoes to the library and studies every day. Some students like. (FRAGMENT) NOT a complete thought.

10. Independent vs. Dependent Clauses What comes to mind when you think of an “independent” person? “dependent”? An independent clause can stand on its own. A dependent clause CANNOT stand on its own. It depends on another clause to give it complete meaning.

11. COMPOUND SENTENCE A compound sentence contains two independent clausesjoined by a coordinating conjunction. The conjunctions are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) A. Some studentslike to study in the mornings, and some studentslike to study in the evenings. B.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friendtried to speak English.  C.  Alejandroplayed football, so Mariawent shopping.  D.  Alejandroplayed football, for Mariawent shopping.

12. Complex Sentence A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinating conjunction such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. 3. In order that theyare prepared for class, some studentsstudy in the mornings. A. Whenhehanded in his homework,heforgot to give the teacher the last page.  B. The teacher returned the homework aftershenoticed the error. C. The students are studying becausetheyhave a test tomorrow.

13. 1. Some studentslike to study in the mornings.(IC) 2. Some students like to study in the mornings, and some studentslike to study in the evenings.(IC+IC) 3. In order that theyare prepared for class, some studentsstudy in the mornings.(DC+IC)

14. Label the following: 1. After the parade, we went to a restaurant. 2. Because of the low level of English of the primary school teachers, EFL workshops are often given in Spanish. 3. Because the teacher wanted it that way. 4. When you take an elevator three floors up, you are on the fourth floor. 5. My favorite course is English. 6. I should study Spanish, but I don’t have the time. 7. Afterwe won thegame. 8. Studying a language may seem hard, but it only takes perseverance.

15. Students Problems 1. Fragments 2. Run-ons 3. Comma Splices

16. 1. Fragment- a dependent clause on its own “When I went shopping.” “Because I was late to class.” “Unless you finish.” Why are these NOT sentences? What can we do to fix them?

17. Subordinating Conjunctions after how although if unless as in as much as   untilas if in order thatwhen as long as whenever as much as now that where as soon as provided that  wherever as though since while because so that before than even if that even though though

18. 2. Comma Splice Two or more independent clauses are joined with a comma but without a coordination conjunction. Janet left for work early, she arrived late. I love eating pizza, it makes me fat. I got robbed last week, now I have no phone. Whatiswrongwiththese “sentences”? How can wefixthem? FANBOYS

19. COMPOUND SENTENCE A compound sentence contains two independent clausesjoined by a coordinating conjunction. The conjunctions are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) A. Some studentslike to study in the mornings, and some studentslike to study in the evenings. B.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friendtried to speak English.  C.  Alejandroplayed football, so Mariawent shopping.  D.  Alejandroplayed football, for Mariawent shopping.

20. Run- ons Two or more independent clauses are joined together without a coordinating conjunction and without punctuation. Janet left for work early she arrived late. I love eating pizza it makes me fat. I got robbed last week now I have no phone. Whatiswrongwiththese “sentences”? How can wefixthem?

21. Fix the following A university is a group of colleges many universities have a college of arts and sciences and a college of engineering. Colleges sometimes have other names, two examples of these names are a graduate school and a school of medicine. Universities are usually large. The size of a school is important to a student some students prefer large schools others prefer small schools which do you prefer each student must answer this important question

22. Compound - Complex 2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses 4. After the fightwas finished,shetold everyone to go home, and everyoneleft the party. B. BeforeIcould finish my sentence,theyhad cut me off,andeveryone started yelling at me.

23. There are several ways…Janet left for work early she arrived late. Use a comma plus a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) Janet left for work early, but she arrived late. b) Use a period: Janet left for work early. She arrived late. c) Use a semicolon: Janet left for work early; she arrived late. d) Use a semicolon and a transitional word (besides, consequently, however, moreover, etc) Janet left for work early; however, she arrived late. e) Change one of the clauses to a subordinate clause by means of a subordinating conjunction Although Janet left for work early, she arrived late.