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We will be studying WWI over the next few weeks. WWI was the first global conflict brought about by Imperialism and the Industrial Revolution. Imperialism because countries were competing for money and power. The industrial revolution because without the use of machines there would have been no way to supply and transport the millions of troops and there would have been no way to build the millions of weapons of war. More than 9 million people died, and more than 21 million people were wounded in this conflict.
WWI • Historians generally cite four M.A.I.N. reasons for this conflict ___________ - The belief that a country should build up its military and force its will on other countries • _______ - Countries acted like gangs • _________ – Countries competed for money, power, and resources at the expense of those they dominated • _________ – World leaders thought that their countries were the best
1860 What has changed on the map of Europe? _________ becomes a united country based on their shared ethnicities and customs. 1871
1860 What has changed on the map of Europe? In ______, Germany beat France in the _______________. As a result, Germany took the Alsace and Lorraine regions away from France. This lead to years of resentment and the establishment of military alliances on both sides. 1871
_________ – Think of an alliance like a gang If you are in a gang, and someone attacks your fellow gang member, you are going to stand up for them, even if the conflict does not directly involve you Before WWI, countries joined together in alliances (gangs). They pledged to help each other in a fight “I got your back, you got mine.” Alliances
Germany, Austria-Hungary, And Italy = ____________ (1882) …Becomes known as “The Central Powers” (includes Ottoman Empire) France, Russia, and Britain = ________________ (1907) …Becomes known as “The Allies” (Italy switches sides in 1915)
Militarism • __________ - The belief that a country should build up its military and force its will on other countries • Many countries had enormous numbers of soldiers • Many countries spent an ___________ amount of money on military spending • “If you got, use it!” Britain had a policy that its Navy should be at least twice the size as its nearest competitor
Nationalism • _________ are the bonds that tie us together as a country; our religion, language, sports, customs, etc. • Racism is when you believe that your race is superior. Extreme Nationalism is the belief that your _______ is superior • Each country believed that their superior military, leaders, and weapons would crush the enemy and that the war would be a short one. Oops, it lasted more than _____________
National interests and national unity are placed ahead of global cooperation. “My country right or wrong.”
Imperialism • __________- Stronger countries dominating weaker ones • Countries competed with each other to secure the most colonies. Colonies gave countries more places to sell their goods as well as the _________ to make those goods. • “My country needs more!!!” “The sun never sets on the British Empire.”
WWI: Now, on with the show • In the early 1900s, the _______ was called the “Powder Keg of Europe” • This is because a powder keg is harmless, unless it explodes • Europe explodes because of the ______. causes already mentioned
M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI • ________ – each country had a large military and was eager to use it • _________ – each country was aligned with another country to help on in the fighting • _________ – each country wanted more land, money, and power • _________ – each country believed they could win in a short amount of time because they were the best
Nationalistic Tensions in the Balkans • The Ottoman Empire used to control the Balkan Peninsula, but it was _________. • Serbia formed their own country. Most Serbs were a Slavic people, and many Serbs wanted all of the Balkan Peninsula to be ________. • Russia shared a common ethnicity with Serbia, so they supported them/ Plus they wanted a good route to the Mediterranean • Austria Hungary had a small population of Serbs, so they did not like this nationalistic sentiment
Nationalistic Tensions in the Balkans • The _________ was set to explode, all it needed was a spark to ignite the powder keg of the M.A.I.N. causes • That spark came in the form of a Serbian Nationalist group named _____________. • The Black Hand wanted an independent Serbia, and a united Balkan Peninsula • They wanted to drive out _____________. The seal of the Black Hand
The Spark • On _________, the heir to the A-H throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife visited Sarejevo, the capitol of Bosnia • The date was an unwise choice • On that date, in _______, the Serbs were conquered by the Turks • Years later on the same date, the Serbs got their revenge against the __________ • This visit was a giant slap in the face to the Serbs • The _________ resolved to assassinate the Archduke while on his visit The Archduke and his family
The Spark • __________, (19 yrs. old) a member of the Black Hand, fires two bullets at close range into the Archduke and his wife Sophie • Both die in the hospital • What would Austria do?
The Spark (the assassination) Ignites the Powder Keg • __________: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the death of the Archduke and his wife) • July 23rd 1914: Austria issues “The Ultimatum” (a list of demands) that Serbia must do to avoid war.The harshest was allowing Austrian police to enter Serbia and look for the Black Hand.
The Spark and the Chain Reaction • Serbia was afraid of war but does not want to give in to demands. _______ tells Serbia that it will support Serbia in a war against Austria. • Austria was worried about a war against Russia and asked _______ for help. Germany agreed to defend ________ if need be. • July 25th 1914: Serbia accepted all demands except __________________________.
The Spark and the Chain Reaction • July 28: Austria rejected Serbia’s offer and _______________________. • ________ mobilized troops along Austrian border to support ______. Russia also mobilized troops along _______ border as a precaution to German involvement.
The Spark – Chain Reaction – To War • August 1: Germany was allied with A-H, so they declare war against Russia • August 3: Russia was allied with _______, so this meant Germany was now at war with France and Russia. As a result, Germany declares war on France. • Germany, fearing a two front war, tried to knock off France quickly. Then they could concentrate defeating Russia • Germany put into action the ________. According to Schlieffen, the only way to win was to have a lightning quick attack on France through neutral Belgium towards Paris.
The Schlieffen Plan is a Catastrophic Success • August 3: Germany invaded Belgium to get to ___________ • August 4: Great Britain was obligated by an __________ to defend Belgium’s neutrality. Great Britain declared war on Germany and sent its small army to France. • France followed Plan 17 that called for an attack straight into the heart of Germany to have a quick victory. Meeting stiff resistance, the French army retreated and a stalemate ensued. General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
Countries in First World War Standing Armies & Reserves in August 1914 Mobilized Forces in 1914-18 Russia 12,000,000 France 4,017,000 Great Britain 975,000 8,905,000 Italy 1,251,000 5,615,000 United States 200,000 Japan 800,000 800,000 Romania 290,000 750,000 Serbia 200,000 707,000 Belgium 117,000 267,000 Greece 230,000 230,000 Portugal 40,000 100,000 Montenegro 50,000 50,000 Germany Austria-Hungary 3,000,000 7,800,000 Turkey 210,000 2,850,000 Bulgaria 280,000 1,200,000
Stopped • September 3rd 1914 • ____________: German forces are within striking distance of Paris. The French find out about how and when the Germans will attack. • To stop the Germans, the French sent every available soldier by taxi to the ________. The French win this battle and stop the German advance.
Race to the Sea • September ___________ • Germans have retreated nearly 60 miles to fortified trenches. The war slows to a stalemate. • Both sides dig extensive ___________ long from Switzerland to the English Channel. • The so-called _________ has begun. It will be the most deadly war that the world had ever seen.
