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The Story of Psychology Psychology’s History

The Story of Psychology Psychology’s History. Purple text Prologue Pages 1-13 Green text Unit 1 , Pages 1-28 AP Psychology C. McMurray. Proloque Vocabulary:. Empiricism Structuralism Functionalism Introspection Behaviorism/ behavioural psychology Psychodynamic psychology

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The Story of Psychology Psychology’s History

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  1. The Story of PsychologyPsychology’s History Purple text ProloguePages 1-13Green text Unit 1, Pages 1-28 AP Psychology C. McMurray

  2. Proloque Vocabulary: • Empiricism • Structuralism • Functionalism • Introspection • Behaviorism/ behavioural psychology • Psychodynamic psychology • Humanistic psychology • Nature-nurture issue • Natural selection • Levels of analysis (biopsychosocial approach) • Psychological Perspectives • Basic research vs applied research • Counseling psychology • Clinical psychology • Psychiatry • Gestalt psychology • Humanistic psychology • Wilhelm Wundt • Ed Titchener • William James • Dorothea Dix • Mary Calkins • Margaret Washburn • Stanley Hall • John Watson • Sigmund Freud • B.F. Skinner • Rogers and Maslow • Max Wertheimer

  3. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Early thinkers wondered how the mind worked and how the body and mind were related. Thinkers such as: Confucius, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Descarteand Francis Bacon and John Locke. John Locke’s thinking helped form modern empiricism. That knowledge is based on experience. This formed the basis for modern science.

  4. Sooooo…when was psychology born? Let’s hear from the major contributors…

  5. Hello! Wundt here. Psychology should be an independent discipline rather than a stepchild of philosophy and physiology. Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920

  6. This new psychology should be a science modeled after fields such as physics and chemistry . Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920

  7. PSYCHOLOGY IS BORN • In 1879, Wundt opened the first Psychology research lab in Germany • Psychology became The Scientific Study of Conscious Experience • Wundt had participants listen to a metronome and report the sensations they had

  8. What type of sensations do you get from listening to the metronome: pleasant, unpleasant, exciting relaxing? Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920

  9. Yup…I’m the “Father of Psychology!” Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920

  10. I will take Wundt’s ideas to the United States and open a lab there to conduct psychological research. Stanley Hall 1844-1924

  11. PSYCHOLOGY MAKES IT DEBUT IN AMERICA • In 1883, the first American (Psychology) research lab was opened at Johns Hopkins University  • In 1883, Hall launched the first American research journal in Psychology

  12. Similar to Wundt, (I am a student of his you know) I believe in order to understand consciousness we need to examine the key elements such as sensations, feelings and images. • Edward Titchener 1867 - 1927

  13. To explore these elements, we will use INTROSPECTION as a method of study. • Edward Titchener 1867 - 1927

  14. STRUCTURALISM • Edward Titchener admired Wundt's work, but brought forth his own version of psychology, an approach called structuralism • This approached focused on the structural elements of the mind. It focused on the importance of sensations in vision, hearing, and touch  • To examine the elements of consciousness, structuralists relied heavily on introspection (this required that participants be trained to become more aware of their perceptions)

  15. Your understanding of the conscious is WRONG. First, mental activities are not composed of basic elements, but are developed through ages of evolution. William James 1842-1910

  16. Second, consciousness consists of a flow of thoughts. Hence, your methods are not only too subjective, but by examining merely the elements, you only see static points in the flow of consciousness. William James 1842-1910

  17. Therefore, for psychologists to understand the flow itself (i.e., the “stream of consciousness”), we need to investigate the FUNCTION or purpose of the conscious. I will call this method FUNCTIONALISM. William James 1842-1910

  18. FUNCTIONALISM • William James' ideas gave rise to the approach called functionalism • This approach emphasized the function and purpose of behavior and consciousness rather than its analysis and description  • His approach was shortly lived, but many of his ideas are prevalent in current areas of study, such as emotions, attention, and memory

  19. Other Important Psychologists: Dorothea Dix Mary Calkins Mary Flo Washburn

  20. Note: Psychology originated in many disciplines and countries. It was, until the 1920s, defined as the science of mental life.

  21. I can’t believe you guys call what you do psychology! Psychology should be considered an objective, experimental science. Your methods are unscientific! John B. Watson 1878-1958

  22. I believe, the only verifiable method of study is the examination of what can be OBSERVED directly! We can’t see or touch people’s thoughts. Consciousness is a private event that cannot be observed or measured. John B. Watson 1878-1958

  23. Psychology should be known as the SCIENCE of BEHAVIOR, with the goal to observe overt behaviors and to predict and control such behaviors. John B. Watson 1878-1958

  24. THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH • John B. Watson's views drastically changed the course of Psychology and gave rise to the behavioral approach • This approach viewed psychology as an objective science by studying behavior and not mental processes. (Observation) • John B. Watson is known as the Father of Behaviorism

  25. Famous Quote… “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select- a doctor, lawyer, artist….” Who said this? I did!

  26. Hmmmm…. How would Watson have defined Psychology? The science of …

  27. In order to explain perceptual experiences, we need to look at more than just the parts, including both the basic elements and the “flow”. Max Wertheimer 1880 - 1943

  28. You see, perceptual experiences are more than merely the sum of its parts. Therefore, in order to obtain an understanding of such experiences, one must analyze the whole pattern…GESTALT. Max Wertheimer 1880 - 1943

  29. THE GESTALT APPROACH • Max Wertheimer's ideas gave rise to the gestalt approach • This approach is based on the idea that our perceptions of objects are more than the sums of their parts. Rather, they are wholes that give shape or meaning to the parts • However, Sigmund Freud brought forth yet another view…

  30. I believe many behaviors are a result of thoughts and desires that manifest at a level below one’s conscious awareness (the unconsciousness) Sigmund Freud 1856 - 1939

  31. I have had much success in my reaching the unconscious by having my clients tell me about their dreams and life during childhood. I call this technique PSYCHOANALYSIS. Sigmund Freud 1856 - 1939

  32. With psychoanalysis, I have been able to bring to the surface many hidden motives and unconscious desires that seem to explain much of the behaviors human’s exhibit. Sigmund Freud 1856 - 1939

  33. But Freud buddy… “sometimes a cigar is just a cigar!”

  34. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH • Despite the controversies surrounding Freud’s ideas and the initial slow growth, his theory soon gained much recognition • This approach emphasized how behaviour is influenced from unconscious drives and conflicts (also known as Psychodynamic approach) • By the 1940’s… “psychoanalysis was becoming so popular that it threatened to eclipse psychology entirely” (Hornstein, 1992; p. 258)

  35. Hmmmm…. How would Freud have defined Psychology? The science of …

  36. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH Continued • With the widespread acceptance of Freud’s theory, psychologists were forced to apply their methods to the topics Freud studied (i.e, personality, motivation and abnormal psychology) • However, B.F. Skinner re-visited Watson’s ideas of behaviorism, continuing the heated debate among the psychologists

  37. In my studies with rats and pigeons I have found the stimulus of food is followed by the response of eating. B.F. Skinner 1904 - 1990

  38. The principle of behavior is rather simple. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes. B.F. Skinner 1904 - 1990

  39. SKINNER'S CONTRIBUTIONS • Skinner showed that he could exert remarkable control over an animals behaviors through use of reinforcements and punishments • However, his work was done primarily with animals  • Followers soon found that Skinner’s techniques could also be applied to human behaviors

  40. THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH - REVISITED

  41. Hey wait a minute…haven’t all of you forgotten one important element in your studies? The unique characteristics of the person! Carl Rogers 1902 - 1987

  42. Your approaches are too dehumanizing… Psychoanalytic theory rests too much on its belief that behavior is dominated by primitive sexual urges. Carl Rogers 1902 - 1987

  43. Behavioral theorists, on the other hand, are too preoccupied with the study of simple animal behavior. Carl Rogers 1902 - 1987

  44. In fact, people are so different from animals that research on animals have little relevance to our understanding of human behavior. As I view it, human behavior is governed primarily by one’s sense of self (self-concept) which animal lack. Carl Rogers 1902 - 1987

  45. Furthermore, my colleague, Abraham Maslow and I believe that psychologists need to take into account individual’s fundamental drive toward personal growth. Hence, a more optimistic or HUMANISTICapproach to the study of behavior is needed that acknowledges that people are masters of their own destinies. Carl Rogers 1902 - 1987

  46. THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH The humanistic approach emphasized personal growth and achievement of human potential.

  47. Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

  48. Structuralism and FunctionalismAlthough Structuralism and Functionalism did not continue as schools of thought, the interest in mental processes returned with the cognitive approach in the 1960’s 

  49. The Behavioral Approach Behavioral principles are still used today. In fact, Skinner’s technique (called Operant Conditioning) is largely used today in various organizational and educational settings

  50. The Gestalt Approach Many principles of the gestalt approach are still used today in our explanations of how humans perceive objects.

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