Answering Questions

1. Answering Questions

2. The responsibilities of the Persuasive speaker: To say something worth hearing (sound information). To say something that can be heard (clear organization). To say something that will be heard (audience engagement). To answer all the audience's reasonable doubts & objections. Lect 9M

3. The 3 Big Questions your audience is always going to ask. • What's the problem? Why do we need to change? • What's the plan? What exactly do we need to do? • Is it practical? Will the plan solve the problem? What other costs & benefits does it have? Lect 9M

4. The 3 Basic Answers you can give in reply. • Logos • Ethos • Pathos Lect 9M

5. ...on the reasons. LOGOS ...on you. ETHOS ...on their feelings. PATHOS To answer their questions, your audience can rely... Lect 9M

6. Ethos Which hat will you wear? Lect 9M

7. Are appeals to emotion (pathos) ethical? Studies of brain-damaged patients show that people without emotions have severe deficiencies in social and practical decision-making. Dr. Antonio Damasio Lect 9M

8. School A Lower cost More active social life Better career counseling Better study abroad Better foreign languages Nicer campus Outstanding research faculty Excellent alumni network More prestigious Bigger More diverse More volunteerism Better athletic facilities School B Closer to home Better financial aid Better extracurricular activities Good major Friends going there Outstanding teaching faculty Recommended by teachers Smaller Early admission Nicer dorms Higher graduation rates Better football team Fewer required courses Which one feels right?! Lect 9M

9. Ethos (credibility) Expert testimony Pathos (emotion) Examples Logos (reasoning) Statistics Basic methods for establishing logos, ethos, & pathos. Type of appeal Type of evidence Lect 9M

10. Example US Environmental Protection Agency For example... In my speech, to demonstrate one Problem with driving, I used: Statistics Expert Lect 9M

11. Logos Statistics Specific instances Principle Causal Analogical Ethos Expert testimony Personal competence Common ground Deliver with conviction Summary of all methods. Pathos • Examples • Emotional language • Deliver with conviction Lect 9M

12. The Persuasion analysis questions. Let's try it out 13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos). 14. Identify two distinct methods of reasoning the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her logical appeals (logos). 15. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her emotional appeals (pathos). [1-8. As for the Informative Speech.] 9. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the Problem (Need) Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim(s)? 10. What specific actions is the speaker calling for in his/her claims on the Plan Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim that the Plan will solve the Problem? 11. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the Practicality Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim(s)? Identify one objection to Practicality that the audience is likely to make, which the speaker has not dealt with in the speech. 12. What is the least credible Source cited by the speaker? Why isn't it credible? 13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos). 14. Identify two distinct methods of reasoning the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her logical appeals (logos). 15. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her emotional appeals (pathos). 16. Identify and evaluate one use of expert testimony in the speech. 17. Identify and evaluate one use of statistics in the speech. Identify and evaluate one use of an example in the speech. 19. What is the one positive comment about the speech that this speaker most needs to hear now? (Not including delivery.) 20. What is the one negative comment about the speech that this speaker most needs to hear now? (Not including delivery.) Lect 9M

13. Use course concept! (two of these) Ethos • Expert testimony • Personal competence • Common ground • Deliver with conviction How to answer exam questions. "13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos)." Refer to a specific passage! Explain its relevance! Lect 9M

14. Ethos Logos Pathos Rule of thumb for creating your policy persuasive speech. • In general, for every claim you make about Problem, Plan, or Practicality you should use at least • one set of statistics • one piece of expert testimony • one vivid example Lect 9M

15. Continue to develop your appeals by imagining your audience's questions and answering them in advance. "Antonio Damasio says emotion is good!" So what? Who is he, anyhow? "Dr. Antonio Damasio, Director of the Brain & Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California, author of three books and numerous articles on the neurology of emotions, has pointed out that...." Ethos Lect 9M

16. Continuing to answer the audience's questions... Ethos: Expert testimony So what? Who is that, anyhow? Logos: Statistics So what? How much is that, really? Pathos: Example What happened? Fill me in on the details! Lect 9M

17. What's the problem? What's your plan? Is it practical? Logos Ethos Pathos Threes Three questions Three answers • Statistics • Experts • Examples Three forms of support Lect 9M

18. Midterm reminders • Required outside speech observation • Bonus possibilities • Opportunities to develop course skills outside the classroom setting • See WebCT "Regular & Bonus Assignments " for a complete list • Most due no later than Friday, 25 April (end of 14th week) • Note: Classroom plus bonus points capped at 230 (110%). Lect 9M

19. Coming up Wednesday: Lab--practice what you've learned. Friday: Lecture: Further exam prep; the presidential campaign BREAK! Monday after break: Researching the Persuasive Speech assignment due (WebCT) Wednesday after break: Test #2. Lect 9M