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Carbon Dioxide and Moisture Removal System

Coeus Engineering. Carbon Dioxide and Moisture Removal System. Team Organization. Advisor: Dr. John Graf, NASA ECLSS. Jessica Badger Project Coordinator Aerogels April Snowden Researcher Carbon nanotubes. Dennis Arnold Team Leader Aerogels Julia Thompson Researcher

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Carbon Dioxide and Moisture Removal System

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  1. Coeus Engineering Carbon Dioxide and Moisture Removal System

  2. Team Organization • Advisor: Dr. John Graf, NASA ECLSS • Jessica Badger • Project Coordinator • Aerogels • April Snowden • Researcher • Carbon nanotubes • Dennis Arnold • Team Leader • Aerogels • Julia Thompson • Researcher • Honeycomb structures Coeus Engineering

  3. Overview • Space Launch Initiative Program • Current RCRS Design (Recap) • Carbon Dioxide/Moisture Removal System (CMRS) Design Requirements • Materials Researched • Honeycomb structures • Carbon nanotubes • Aerogels • Project Specialization • Pressure drop Analysis through aerogel • Summary/Conclusions Coeus Engineering

  4. Space Launch Initiative Program • Focuses on the future of exploration and development of space • Creation of 2nd Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) • Lower payload cost to less than $1,000 per pound • Incorporate latest technology for CO2 removal Coeus Engineering

  5. Current RCRS Design • 12 layered CO2 adsorbent “beds” • 6 layers per bed • Alternating active and inactive layers • Active layers remove CO2 • Inactive layers exposed to vacuum to release CO2 • Dimensions: 3 ft x 1 ft x 1.5 ft • Removes ≈ 0.62 lbs CO2/hour • 7 member crew • Requires 26 lbs of solid amine chemical • Requires flow rates of 20 - 40 cfm Coeus Engineering

  6. Airflow Diagram of RCRS Layer • 4 bead-filled foam chambers per layer • Retaining screens • Prevent beads from entering main air stream • 8 screens per layer • Inlet and outlet • Create large pressure drop due to blockage at outlets Coeus Engineering

  7. Specific RCRS Components • Ion-Resin Beads • Copolymer of polystyrene and divinylbenzene • ≈ .3mm diameter • Extremely porous • Coated surface area: 250-350 m2/cm3 • Aluminum Puffed Duocell Foam • Houses ion-resin beds • Structural rigidity • Heat transfer properties Coeus Engineering

  8. Solid-Amine Chemicals • CO2 and H2O “loosely” bond to solid-amines • Can be “coated” onto certain materials • Air + solid-amine reaction produces heat • Common alkanolamine CO2 adsorbents: • monoethanolamine (MEA) • diethanolamine (DEA) • methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) Coeus Engineering

  9. Julia Thompson CMRS Requirments Honeycomb Structures Coeus Engineering

  10. CMRS Design Requirements • Maximize solid-amine surface area • Maximize structural rigidity • Maximize heat transfer from active to inactive beds • Minimize pressure drop through each bed Coeus Engineering

  11. Surface Area & Pressure Drop Structural Rigidity & Heat Transfer Carbon Nanotubes & Aerogels Aluminum Honeycomb Materials Researched Coeus Engineering

  12. Overview of Honeycombs • Packed or joined together in hexagonal manner • High strength and rigidity to weight ratios • Commonly used in sandwiched structures • Airliner floors • Airplane wings • Motorcycle helmets Coeus Engineering

  13. Use of Honeycomb in CMRS • Applied in directional air/fluid flow control and/or energy absorption • Available in various Aluminum alloys • 2024-T81P • Varied cell sizes • 1/4” • Perforated • Allows three-dimensional air flow • Improves heat removal Coeus Engineering

  14. Use of Honeycomb in CMRS • Grade C: Alloy 2024-T81P • Perforated • Hardened • Chemically treated for erosion protection • 3 lbs/ft3 • Total weight of honeycomb in system = 5 lbs • 30 in2 surface area per cubic inch • more surface area = more heat removed Coeus Engineering

  15. Use of Honeycomb in CMRS • Structural Rigidity • Grade C honeycomb provides more structural rigidity than Grade B. • T81 more rigid than T3 • Airflow • 3 dimensional • More air in contact with solid amine Coeus Engineering

  16. Honeycomb vs. Duocell Foam • Heat transfer not a problem • Strength tests • Layers must be built, pressurized. • Manufacturing of layers • Weld/Bond plates to core • Filling with chemical • Less area taken up by aluminum structure Coeus Engineering

  17. April Snowden Carbon Nanotubes Aerogels Coeus Engineering

  18. Diameter Size of nanometers 1/50,000th of a human hair Length Several micrometers Largest is ~ 2 mm Each nanotube is a single molecule Hexagonal network of covalently bonded carbon atoms Super strength Low weight Stability Flexibility Good heat conductance Large surface area 300-800 m2/cm3 Carbon Nanotube Attributes Coeus Engineering

  19. Carbon NanotubeMechanical Properties • Extremely strong • 10-100 times stronger than steel per unit weight • High elastic moduli • About 1 TPa • Flexible • Can be flattened, twisted, or bent around sharp bends without breaking • Great performance under compression • High thermal conductivity Coeus Engineering

  20. Carbon Nanotube Possible Uses • Transistors & diodes • Field emitters for flat-panel displays • Cellular-phone signal amplifiers • Ion storage for batteries • Materials strengthener • Polymer composites • Low-viscosity composite Coeus Engineering

  21. Potential Use for CMRS • Coat nanotubes with solid amine • Maximize surface area • Eliminate mesh retaining screen • Carbon nanotubes fixed to housing structure • No need for beads • Minimize pressure drop • Nanotube structure • Replace aluminum Duocell foam with aluminum/carbon nanotube composite Coeus Engineering

  22. Aerogel Attributes • Critically evaporated gel • Lightest solid known • Almost transparent solid Coeus Engineering

  23. Aerogels as Support Structures • Young’s modulus: 106 – 107 N/m2 • Tensile strength: 16 Kpa • Density: ≥ 0.003 g/m3 • Support 1500 times their own weight Coeus Engineering

  24. Aerogels as High Surface Area Materials • Up to 99% air • Pore size • Range from 3 nm to 50 nm • Average about 20 nm • Allows O2 and N2 molecules to flow through • Effective surface area: 300 – 400 m2/cm3 • Possible Use • Replace ion resin beads Coeus Engineering

  25. Ion-Resin Beads / Carbon Nanotubes / Aerogels Coeus Engineering

  26. Dennis Arnold New Design Plan Analysis of New Design Coeus Engineering

  27. Project Specialization • Focused on use of aerogels in CMRS • Time constraints • Amount of readily available information • Nanotubes are in early development stages • NASA currently researching nanotubes Coeus Engineering

  28. Aerogels Replacing Beads • Issue of pressure drop through chambers full of aerogel • Discussed issue with Dr. Noel Clemens • Aerogels would result in lack of sufficient airflow • Decided NOT to replace the beads with aerogel • Decided to keep the beads, replace screen • Concluded to research replacing the mesh screen with a thin slice of aerogel Coeus Engineering

  29. Aerogels Replacing Mesh Screen • Air flow is choked by the beads at the outlet retaining screen Coeus Engineering

  30. Aerogels Replacing Mesh Screen • Theoretically, air flows around the beads and through the aerogel slice without blockage Coeus Engineering

  31. Aerogel Pressure Drop Analysis • Start with Darcy’s Law: Q = volumetric flow rate K = permeability A = area perpendicular to flow L = length of flow across medium ∆P = Change in pressure across medium Coeus Engineering

  32. Pressure Drop Analysis (Cont) • Rearranged into slope-intercept form: • Which resembles m = slope b = y-intercept Coeus Engineering

  33. Pressure Drop Analysis (Cont) • Estimated slope from figure • Slope = 1/K Coeus Engineering

  34. Pressure Drop Analysis (Cont) • Solving Darcy’s law for ∆P: Q = 20 cfm L = 0.15 x 21/2 in. A = 3 ft. x 1.25 in. x Cosine 45⃘ K = 1.8 x 106 g/cm3 – s2 ∆P = 3.7 in H2O Coeus Engineering

  35. Pressure Drop Analysis (Cont) Coeus Engineering

  36. Jessica Badger Summary Conclusions Coeus Engineering

  37. Summary • Heat Transfer and Structural Rigidity • Replace aluminum puffed foam with perforated honeycomb (2024 - T81P) • Cell size = 0.25” • Provides 3-D airflow through bed • Adds strength and rigidity due to high strength-to-weight ratios • Allows the beads to be more densely packed into the structure • Heat removed via radiation • Rate at which heat is removed is comparable for both perforated honeycomb and puffed foam Coeus Engineering

  38. Summary (cont) • Surface Area & Pressure Drop • Studied carbon nanotubes and aerogels for ways to replace ion resin beads • Considered filling each perforated honeycomb cell with solid-amine coated aerogel • Air would not be able to flow through • Needed a new design strategy • Decided to use thin slice of aerogel to replace outlet retaining screens • Pressure drop for single slice of aerogel was comparable to entire RCRS bed • Needed more recent aerogel permeability data Coeus Engineering

  39. Conclusions • Replace aluminum puffed foam with perforated honeycomb • Further investigate aerogel properties and possible use • Research previous option of carbon nanotubes for solid-amine housing Coeus Engineering

  40. Special Thanks!! • Dr. John Graf • Dr. Ronald O. Stearman • Dr. Noel Clemens • Dr. Arlon Hunt & Dr. Ulrich Schubert • Marcus Kruger Coeus Engineering

  41. Questions? • Preguntas? • Questionne? • Bопрос? • Kwestie? • Ninau? • Swali? • Spørsmål? • Förhöra? Please visit our website at www.ae.utexas.edu/~juliat Coeus Engineering

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