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Chemical Bonding

Chemical Bonding . Bonds between atoms are caused by electrons in outermost shells The process of bond formation is called a reaction. The Ionic Bond. Visit www.worldofteaching.com For 100’s of free powerpoints. Helium, neon and argon are atoms which do not react with other atoms.

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Chemical Bonding

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  1. Chemical Bonding

  2. Bonds between atoms are caused by electrons in outermost shells • The process of bond formation is called a reaction

  3. The Ionic Bond Visit www.worldofteaching.com For 100’s of free powerpoints

  4. Helium, neon and argon are atoms which do not react with other atoms. We call them the Inert Gases (or Noble Gases) because of this. Each of these gases has a full outer electron shell (orbit). 10p10n 18p22n 2p2n 20 Ne 4 He 10 2 40 Ar 18 2,8 2,8,8

  5. Sodium 23 Na 11 e.c. 2,8,1 11p 12n 11 protons 12 neutrons 11 electrons

  6. Chlorine 35 Cl 17 e.c. 2,8,7 17 protons 17p 18n 18 Neutrons 17 electrons

  7. + The Sodium atom has 1 Electron in it’s outer shell. Na e.c. 2,8,1 Atom The Sodium loses 1 electron to leave a complete outer shell. It is now a Sodium ion with a charge of 1 + (Na +) e.c. (2,8)+ Ion

  8. - The Chlorine atom has 7 electrons in it’s outer shell. Cl e.c. 2,8,7 Atom (Cl - ) The Chlorine gains 1 electron to gain a complete outer shell. It is now a Chlorine ion with a charge of 1 - e.c. (2,8,8)- Ion

  9. The Ionic Bond Chlorine atom Cl Sodium atom Na + - Sodium ion (Na +) Chlorine ion (Cl -) The sodium atom loses one electron to attain a complete outer shell and become a positive ion (Na +). The Chlorine atom gains one electron to attain a complete outer shell and become a negative ion (Cl –).Strong electrostatic forces attract the sodium and chlorine ions.

  10. Ionic Compounds • Held together by strong electrostatic forces • Opposite charges attract • High melting points and boiling points • Regular structures – giant ionic lattices • When melted or dissolved ionic compounds conduct electricity

  11. Covalent Bonding Visit www.worldofteaching.com For 100’s of free powerpoints

  12. Chlorine atom 2,8,7

  13. 2 Chlorine atoms Outer shells only

  14. Chlorine molecule Cl2 Electrons shared Each outer shell has 8 electrons Forces (bonds) between atoms in the molecule very strong Forces between molecules very weak Molecular or covalent compounds are usually gases or liquids – they have low melting points and low boiling points Molecules have no overall electric charge

  15. Covalent bonds can be represented in 3 ways:

  16. Cl Cl Cl Cl Chlorine Cl2 Cl Cl

  17. Covalent Bonds: Water H2O Methane CH4 Ammonia NH3 Hydrogen H2 Hydrogen Chloride HCl Oxygen O2 N.B. Oxygen has a double bond

  18. 16 O 8 Oxygen Oxygen atom 2,6

  19. O O 2 Oxygen atoms (outer shells only) Double covalent bond

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