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Translation Pathway for Coronary Stent Development- Clinical Endpoints. Donald E. Cutlip, MD Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Baim Institute for Clinical Research Harvard Medical School. Disclosure Statement of Financial Interest.
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Translation Pathway for Coronary Stent Development-Clinical Endpoints Donald E. Cutlip, MD Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Baim Institute for Clinical Research Harvard Medical School
Disclosure Statement of Financial Interest I, Donald Cutlip, DO NOT have a financial interest/arrangement or affiliation with one or more organizations that could be perceived as a real or apparent conflict of interest in the context of the subject of this presentation.
Historical Perspective • Mature technology with over 20 years clinical trial experience • Evolving perspective on true benefits and risks of coronary stenting • From lesion/device focus (restenosis, PPMI) to patient oriented outcomes (Death, Any MI, Any Revascularization)
General Principles • Consensus of investigators, industry, and regulatory groups on determination of meaningful endpoints • Standardized definitions • Indirect comparisons between trials and devices • Facilitate regulatory review • Central independent adjudication • Allow for assessment of regulatory (safe and effective) and reimbursement (reasonable and necessary) objectives
Limitations of Individual Endpoints • Low frequency events and smaller differences require larger trials • Measures of device effectiveness (TLR) may not account for more serious competing risks (death, MI, stent thrombosis) • Composite endpoints such as “MACE”, “TVF”, “TLF” have generally been adopted to overcome some of these limitations.
Composite Endpoints – Use with Caution • Components should track in same direction • Increase event rate and magnify differences • If not, then may obscure differences and reduce power • Loss of statistical power for analysis of individual components. • Fail to account for differences in endpoint severity leading to flawed trial interpretation.
What about surrogate endpoints? • Useful for mechanistic implications and early feasibility but insufficient for assessment of overall safety and effectiveness • Late loss: Excellent discrimination of restenosis prevention but not stent thrombosis or disease progression. • OCT/IVUS: Correlation with healing and late safety – unlikely to replace hard clinical endpoints
Assessing Value and Patient-Reported Outcomes • What is the impact of stenting versus other treatments on global patient outcomes? • Previous analyses have focused on cost-effectiveness as a measure of healthcare value and been based on device oriented outcomes . • Patient oriented outcomes such as mortality, stroke, MI of clear interest, but differences between therapies unlikely or too small to measure.
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROM) • Validated PROMs provide added assessment of outcomes that are important to patients. • May allow discrimination between therapies that appear similar based on usual clinical endpoints from reasonably sized clinical trials and usual follow-up duration. • Useful for assessment of overall healthcare value of competing therapies and incorporated into decisions of reasonable and necessary.
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROM) • Validity – Evidence for measurement of the concept of interest. • Reliability – Results are reproducible. • Discrimination – Detects change and meaningful differences between groups. • SAQ, KCCQ and MLHFQ among PROMs approved by FDA.
Impact of Trial Designs on Endpoint Selection and Assessment • Comparator – Stent or alternative Therapy (medical/surgery) • Definitions consistent with both therapies • Endpoints to assess meaningful differences (eg, stroke, bleeding for anti-thrombotic comparisons) • Duration of Follow-up – Is therapy associated with late benefit. Endpoint must allow for late assessment. • Large, simple trials – Issues for endpoint assessment and adjudication. Pre-market vs. post-market.