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Table 22-2 Page 493

Table 22-2 Page 493. Table 22-2 Common Diseases Transmitted to Humans Through Contaminated Drinking Water. Type of Organism Bacteria Viruses Parasitic protozoa Parasitic worms. Disease Typhoid fever Cholera Bacterial dysentery Enteritis Infectious hepatitis Amoebic dysentery

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Table 22-2 Page 493

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  1. Table 22-2Page 493 Table 22-2 Common Diseases Transmitted to Humans Through Contaminated Drinking Water Type of Organism Bacteria Viruses Parasitic protozoa Parasitic worms Disease Typhoid fever Cholera Bacterial dysentery Enteritis Infectious hepatitis Amoebic dysentery Giardiasis Schistosomiasis Effects Diarrhea, severe vomiting, enlarged spleen, inflamed intestine; often fatal if untreated Diarrhea, severe vomiting, dehydration; often fatal if untreated Diarrhea; rarely fatal except in infants without proper treatment Severe stomach pain, nausea, vomiting; rarely fatal Fever, severe headache, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice, enlarged liver; rarely fatal but may cause permanent liver damage Severe diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain, chills, fever; if not treated can cause liver abscess, bowel perforation, and death Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, flatulence, belching, fatigue Abdominal pain, skin rash, anemia, chronic fatigue, and chronic general ill health

  2. Figure 22-2Page 493

  3. Figure 22-3Page 494 Water Quality DO (ppm) at 20˚C Good 8-9 Slightly polluted 6.7-8 Moderately polluted 4.5-6.7 Heavily polluted Below 4.5 Gravely polluted Below 4

  4. Figure 22-4Page 494 NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes Cropland Urban streets Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Suburban development Factory Wastewater treatment plant

  5. Normal clean water organisms (trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) Trash fish (carp, gar, leeches) Fish absent, fungi, sludge worms, bacteria (anaerobic) Trash fish (carp, gar, leeches) Normal clean water organisms (trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) 8 ppm Types of organisms 8 ppm Dissolved oxygen (ppm) Biological oxygen demand Clean Zone Recovery Zone Septic Zone Decomposition Zone Clean Zone Figure 22-5Page 496

  6. Animation Stream pollution animation. Click to view animation.

  7. Figure 22-6Page 498 Water 0.000002 ppm Phytoplankton 0.0025 ppm Herring gull 124 ppm Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Zooplankton 0.123ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm Rainbow smelt 1.04 ppm

  8. Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Nitrogen compounds produced by cars and factories Discharge of untreated municipal sewage (nitrates and phosphates) Discharge of detergents ( phosphates) Inorganic fertilizer runoff (nitrates and phosphates) Manure runoff from feedlots (nitrates, phosphates, ammonia) Discharge of treated municipal sewage (primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates) Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction lots (nitrates and phosphates) Lake ecosystem nutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling Runoff and erosion (from cultivation, mining, construction, and poor land use) Dissolving of nitrogen oxides (from internal combustion engines and furnaces) Figure 22-7Page 499

  9. Figure 22-8Page 500 CANADA Nipigon Bay Jackfish Bay Thunder Bay Silver Bay St. Mary’s R. St. Lawrence R. Spanish R. St. Louis R. MICHIGAN Penetary Bay Sturgeon Bay WISCONSIN MICHIGAN Saginaw Bay NEW YORK Niagara Falls Saginaw R. System Grand R. MINNESOTA Niagara R. St. Clair R. Thames R. Buffalo R. Detroit R. Rouge R. Raisin R. Ashtabula R. PENNSYLVANIA IOWA Cuyahoga R. Maumee R. Rocky R. Black R. ILLINOIS INDIANA OHIO Great Lakes drainage basin Most polluted areas, according to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board “Hot spots” of toxic concentrations in water and sediments Eutrophic areas

  10. Hazardous waste injection well Pesticides and fertilizers De-icing road salt Coal strip mine runoff Buried gasoline and solvent tank Cesspool septic tank Pumping well Gasoline station Water pumping well Waste lagoon Sewer Landfill Leakage from faulty casing Accidental spills Discharge Unconfined freshwater aquifer Confined aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Groundwater flow Polluted air Figure 22-9Page 502

  11. Solutions Groundwater Pollution Prevention Cleanup Find substitutes for toxic chemicals Pump to surface, clean, and return to aquifer (very expensive) Keep toxic chemicals out of the environment Install monitoring wells near landfills and underground tanks Inject microorganisms to clean up contamination (less expensive but still costly) Require leak detectors on underground tanks Ban hazardous waste disposal in landfills and injection wells Pump nanoparticles of inorganic compounds to remove pollutants (may be the cheapest, easiest, and most effective method but is still being developed) Store harmful liquids in aboveground tanks with leak detection and collection systems Figure 22-10Page 503

  12. Figure 22-11Page 504 Industry Nitrogen oxides from autos and smokestacks; toxic chemicals, and heavy metals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries. Cities Toxic metals and oil from streets and parking lots pollute waters; sewage adds nitrogen and phosphorus. Urban sprawl Bacteria and viruses from sewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds and close beaches; runoff of fertilization from lawns adds nitrogen and phosphorus. Constructionsites Sediments are washed into waterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight. Farms Run off of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus. Red tides Excess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxic microscopic algae, poisoning fish and marine mammals. Closed shellfish beds Closed beach Oxygen-depleted zone Toxic sediments Chemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, and accumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders. Healthy zone Clear, oxygen-rich waters promote growth of plankton and sea grasses, and support fish. Oxygen-depleted zone Sedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, and degrade habitat.

  13. Figure 22-12Page 505 Mississippi River Basin Ohio River Missouri River Mississippi River LOUISIANA Mississippi River Depleted Oxygen Gulf of Mexico

  14. Figure 22-13Page 506 Cooperstown NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA ATLANTIC OCEAN Harrisburg NEW JERSEY MARYLAND Baltimore Washington WEST VIRGINIA DELAWARE Richmond Chesapeake Bay VIRGINIA Norfolk Drainage basin No oxygen Low concentrations of oxygen

  15. Solutions Coastal Water Pollution Prevention Cleanup Reduce input of toxic pollutants Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities Separate sewage and storm lines Ban dumping of wastes and sewage by maritime and cruise ships in coastal waters Sprinkle nanoparticles over an oil or sewage spill to dissolve the oil or sewage without creating harmful byproducts (still under development) Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping Require at least secondary treatment of coastal sewage Regulate coastal development Use wetlands, solar-aquatic, or other methods to treat sewage Recycle used oil Require double hulls for oil tankers Figure 22-14Page 508

  16. Septic tank with manhole (for cleanout) Household wastewater Nonperforated pipe Distribution box (optional) Gravel or crushed stone Drain field Vent pipe Figure 22-15Page 510 Perforated pipe

  17. Figure 22-16Page 511 Secondary Primary Grit chamber Chlorine disinfection tank Bar screen Settling tank Aeration tank Settling tank To river, lake, or ocean Raw sewage from sewers (kills bacteria) Sludge Activated sludge Air pump Sludge digester Sludge drying bed Disposed of in landfill or ocean or applied to cropland, pasture, or rangeland

  18. Odors Odors may cause illness or indicate presence of harmful gases Dust Particles Particles of dried sludge carry viruses and harmful bacteria that can be inhaled, infect cuts or enter homes. Exposure Children may walk or play in fertilized fields. BUFFER ZONE Livestock Poisoning Cows may die after grazing on sludge-treated fields. Sludge Groundwater Contamination Harmful chemicals and pathogens may leach into groundwater and shallow wells. Surface Runoff Harmful chemicals and pathogens may pollute nearby streams, lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Figure 22-17Page 512

  19. Figure 22-18Page 513 (1)Raw sewage drains by gravity into the first pool and flows through a long perforated PVC pipe into a bed of limestone gravel. (3) Wastewater flows through another perforated pipe into a second pool, where the same process is repeated. Sewage Treated water Wetland type plants Wetland type plants 45 centimeter layer of limestone gravel coated with decomposing bacteria First concrete pool Second concrete pool (2) Microbes in the limestone gravel break down the sewage into chemicals that can be absorbed by the plant roots, and the gravel absorbs phosphorus. (4) Treated water flowing from the second pool is nearly free of bacteria and plant nutrients. Treated water can be recycled for irrigation and flushing toilets.

  20. Solutions Water Pollution • Prevent groundwater contamination • Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff • Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation • Find substitutes for toxic pollutants • Work with nature to treat sewage • Practice four R's of resource use (refuse, reduce, recycle, reuse) • Reduce resource waste • Reduce air pollution • Reduce poverty • Reduce birth rates Figure 22-19Page 516

  21. What Can You Do? Water Pollution • Fertilize your garden and yard plants with manure or compost instead of commercial inorganic fertilizer. • Minimize your use of pesticides. • Never apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body of water. • Grow or buy organic foods. • Compost your food wastes. • Do not use water fresheners in toilets. • Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet. • Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other products containing harmful chemicals down the drain or onto the ground. Figure 22-20Page 516

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