Chapter 16

1. Chapter 16 The First Global Age: Europe, the Americas, and Africa (1492-1750) Jonathan Gallo Per:D

2. Section 1: Conquest in the Americas • Key People • Tainos- Natives of the Caribbean • Hernan Cortes- Conqustador who arrived on the coast of Mexico in 1519 he destroyed and conquered Tenochtilan • Malinche- (Dona Marina) serverd as a translator for Cortes • Moctezuma- Aztec king who gave gifts to Cortez whom he thought was a god. He was killed in battle. • Francisco Pizarro- Arrived in Peru in 1532. He captured Ican king Atahualpa and held him for ransom. He was paid the ransom, but he killed the king in 1532.

3. Key Definintions • Conquistador- name for Spanish explorers who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain in the 1500s and 1600s. • Immunity- natural protection • Alliance- formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense. • Civil War- War fought between two groups of people in the same nation.

4. 1519-Spanish soldiers reach the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. In the next few years the Spanish will capture and destroy the capital. In its place the Spanish will build a new capital New Mexico.

5. 1492 Christopher Columbus lands in the Caribbean. The native Taino were friendly to the Spanish until the conquistadors stole their goods, forced them to work, and forced Christianity to them. European diseases such as small pox, measles, and influenza wiped out most of the native population.

6. The stories of empires rich in gold attracted many Spanish explorers. • Hernan Cortez arrived in Mexico in 1519. Malinche helped Cortez form alliances so they could fight against the Aztecs. • Aztec emperor welcomed the Spanish with open arms believing that they were Aztec gods. He showered them with gifts in hopes that the Spanish wouldn’t invade the capital. Cortez invaded anyway. Moctezuma was killed in battle. In 1521 Cortez captured and destroyed the capital. Later the Sanish would build Mexico City on its ruins.

7. Francisco Pizarro • He arrived in Peru in 1532. • With help form Indian allies he captured Incan ruler Atahualpa. He demanded a huge ransom for Atahualpa and the Icans paid it, but the Spanish killed Atahualpa anyway. • After this Spain was able to conquer most of South America with little resistance.

8. Section 2: Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas • Key People and Words • Council of the Indies- A council used to pass laws for the colonies. • Bartolome de Las Casas- A priest who was against the encomienda system. He helped end the enslavement of the native Americans • New Laws of the Indies- a bill in 1542 that forbade the enslavement of native Americans. • Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz- Spanish nun who became a great poet.

9. Key Definitions • Viceroy- A representative who ruled a Spanish colony in the king’s name. • Plantation- A large estate runed by an owner. The workers worked and lived on the land. • Encomienda- The Spanish government allowed its colonist to demand labor or tribute form the Native Americans • Peon- A worker who has to labor for a landlord to pay off his debt. • Peninsular- Spanish upper class in the Spanish colonies in the Americas • Creole- American born descendants of Spanish settlers • Mestizo- Native American and European descent • Mulatto- African and European descent • Privateer- pirate

10. Spain loaded up on silver form there colonies. Thousands of Native Americans were forced to extract rich ore for Spanish profit. Along with the conquistadors came missionaries form Spain. These Spanish missionaries thought it was there duty to convert the natives to Christianity. • In the 1500s Spain claimed a huge empire from South America and California. It’s most important lands were New Spain (Mexico) and Peru. • Spanish missionaries introduced Christianity and western culture and ideas to the natives such as (the Spanish language, carpentry, and locksmithing. • Spanish colonists could only trade with Spain. The Spanish colonists had the right to demand labor and tribute from the natives. • Under this encomienda system Spain received a large amount of silver, gold, and sugar. The Native Americans were frequently abused and suffered under the encomienda system.

11. Bartolome de las Casas • Bartolome de las Casas was a priest. • Bartolome de las Casas spoke out against the encomienda system • In 1542 the New Laws of the Indies forbade the slavery of Native Americans. • Thought the encomienda system was banned the Spanish found other ways to exploit the Native Americans. • They forced them to work to pay off debts. • Bartolome de las Casas pleaded that the Spanish should use Africans as laborers, because they were immune to diseases and they were skilled workers. • Bartolome de las Casas would later regret his prior comments due to the harsh treatment of the Africans.

12. Social Structure • Peninsulares-people born in Spain. They filled the highest position in the government and Catholic Church. • Creoles- American born Spanish descendants. They owned plantations, ranches, and mines. • Colonial cities were centers of government, commerce, and European culture. • Only males were allowed to enter universities. Universities were built to educate priests. A woman’s only way to get education was to join the convent. • Both the cultures of the Spanish and the Natives started to blend.

13. Portugal • By the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 Portugal claimed Brazil. • Portugal sent nobles over to Brazil to build up the land. • As many as five million Africans were sent to Brazil to clear land for sugar plantations. • In Brazil Portuguese, Native American, and African cultures blended.

14. Section 3: Struggle for North America • Key People, Things, and events: • Samuel de Camplain- built first French settlement in Quebec. • Louis XIV- French king who forbade Protestants from settling in New France. • Jamestown- First English settlement in America. Jamestown, Virginia 1607 • Pilgrims- English Puritans who escaped England too avoid religious persecution. • Mayflower Compact- Guidelines for governing Pilgrim North American colonies • French and Indian War- War between France and England over land in the new world. (England won) • Treaty of Paris- Ended the war. It forced France to give up all of its land in the new world.

15. Key Definitions • Missionary- someone sent on a religious mission. • Revenue- income on taxes. • Compact- an agreement among people.

16. Section 3: Struggle for North America • European countries such as France, the Netherlands, England, and Sweden started claiming parts of North America. • North America didn’t have a passage to Asia or riches, but it did have tobacco, fish, and fur. • By the 1700s France and England controlled most of North America.

17. France • In 1608 Samuel de Champlain built a French settlement in Quebec. • With help from the Native Americans France’s empire ranged from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico. • Settlers had to abandon farming and had to become fishermen, fur trappers, and traders due to the harsh climate.

18. England • In 1607 the first English settlers settled in Jamestown, Virginia. Many people died to starvation and disease. Settlers started to grow and sell the valuable tobacco. • In 1620 English Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts. Many Pilgrims died in the early years in the colony. The native Americans taught them howto grow corn. • By the 1700s England established 13 colonies along the east coast. • In the south plantations were on the rise. This caused England to import slaves from Africa.

19. Britain-France • France had more land in North America, but Britain had more people. • Due to expansion a war broke off against the French and Britain. • The Native Americans sided with the French, but that wasn’t enough to stop the British. • In 1763 the Treaty of Paris forced France to give up all of its lands in North America.

20. Native Americans • Many Native Americans died due to diseases and war, but there impact wasn’t forgotten. • The colonist learned how to grow: corn, beans, squash, and tomatoes form the Native Americans. • They also learned how to hunt and trap forest animals from them.

21. Section 4: Turbulent Centuries in Africa • Key Items: • Middle Passage- part of a 3-legged trade network. America sent raw materials to Europe. The US received slaves from African ,and Europe sent goods to Africa. • Asante- Kingdom ruled by Osei Tutu in the late 1600s. • Usman dan Fodio- Scholar who denounced the corruption of Hausa rulers. • Boer- Dutch farmers were Calvinists. They viewed the Africans as inferior. • Shaka- in early 1800s he was a military leader for the Zueus he conquered many nearly lands • Great Trek- thousands of Boers who moved north to escape slavery.

22. Key Definitions • Triangular trade- Atlantic slave trade between Europe, North America, and Africa. • repel- cancel the law • Monopolies- complete control of a product or business by one person or group.

23. Section 4: Turbulent Centuries in Africa • Many European countries established outposts in Africa such as Portugal, the Dutch, England, and France. • These outposts were on the coast of Africa. They were used for gold trade, food, water, and a place to repair ships. • Slaves were the most important part of African trade. African rulers and traders went into the interior of Africa to gather slaves and they would exchange them for textiles, metalwork, rum, tobacco, weapons, and gunpowder. • African slaves were transported on small ships. Up to half the Africans on the ship died form diseases or mistreatment.

24. African Resistance • Some African leaders attempted to slow down or completely stop slave trade. • King Affonso of the Kongo attempted to stop slave trade in the Kongo but his efforts didn’t matter. • The almamy of Futa Toro was able to stop slave trade in Futa Toro, but it didn’t last long. • By the mid-1800s about 11 million enslaved Africans were transported to North America. • 2 million died on these slave ships.

25. New African States • Osei Tutu claimed divine right from heaven and he set up the Asante Kingdom. They managed royal monopolies over gold mining and slave trade. • Between 1780 and 1880 more then a dozen Islamic leaders rose to power in Africa.

26. Section 5: Changes in Europe • Key Items: • Columbian exchange- an exchange were the Europeans received tomatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans and pineapples. America received chocolate, tobacco, corn, and potatoes. • Putting out system- seperated capital and labor it helped bypass guilds for the first time.

27. Key Definitions • Inflation- rise in prices due to the amount of money available • Capitalism- means of production are privately owned and operated for profit. • Entrepreneur- person who assumes financial risks in the hope of making a profit. • Joint stock company- private trading company in which shares are sold to investors to finance business ventures • Mercantilism- policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver. • Tariff- tax on imported goods

28. Section 5: Changes in Europe • In America there were many new types of food such as: corn and potatoes. Europe trade food uncommon o North America for these new exotic foods. This became known as the Columbian exchange. • Millions of people migrated due to the Columbian exchange. This lead to cultural diffusion. • Inflation ran wild thought Europe due to the ever increasing amount of gold and silver.

29. Mercantilism • Under mercantilism inflation rose. • The price revolution hurt nobles. Their wealth was in land, and they had trouble raising money to pay higher costs for stylish clothing and other luxuries.

30. Questions: • 1. Early Latin American • (1)were based on European societies cilizations • (2)used advanced technology to build complex structures • (3)incorporated early Roman architectural design • (4)were strongly influenced by Renaissance • 2. Macchu Picchu • (1)Religious activities were banned • (2)The city was cerimonial • (3)They didn’t plan out the city • (4)The city had a government with laws leadership and a military force • 3.Which is the correct Spanish hierarchy? • (1)Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos/mulattoes, Africans/natives • (2) Africans/natives, Peninsulares, mestizos/mulattoes, creoles, • (3) creoles ,mestizos/mulattoes ,Africans/natives • ,Peninsulares • (4)Peninsulares ,mestizos/mulattoes, Africans/natives ,creoles

31. 4. The growth of maritime and overland trading routes led to • (1)decreased interest in inventions and technology • (2) the limited migration of peoples • (3)Increase in cultural diffusion • (4)The development of subsistence agriculture • 5. The expeditions of Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro resulted in the • (1) destruction of the Aztec and Inca empires • (2)capture of Brazil by Portugal • (3)Colonization of North America by Portugal • (4)exploration of the Philippines and East Indies.

32. Answers • 1-2 • 2-4 • 3-1 • 4-3 • 5-1