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Later History of the Middle East/Government Unit 6

Later History of the Middle East/Government Unit 6. SSWG3 The student will describe the interaction of physical and human systems that have shaped contemporary North Africa/Southwest Asia. a. Describe the location of major physical features and their impact on North Africa/Southwest Asia.

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Later History of the Middle East/Government Unit 6

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  1. Later History of the Middle East/GovernmentUnit 6 SSWG3 The student will describe the interaction of physical and human systems that have shaped contemporary North Africa/Southwest Asia. a. Describe the location of major physical features and their impact on North Africa/Southwest Asia. c. Analyze the impact natural resources, especially oil, have on North Africa/Southwest Asia. e. Explain the impact of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the development of the region’s culture. g. Describe the major ethnic and cultural groups in North Africa/Southwest Asia; include major customs and traditions.

  2. Ottoman Empire • Creation of Israel • Israel v. Muslim Countries • PLO & Hamas • Iran • Iraq

  3. Ottoman Empire • Began in the early 1300’s • Made up of Sunni Muslims • Sunni Muslims: choose religious leaders to lead prayer and interpret the Qur’an • Largest group of Islamic followers • Empire began to expanded into Southern Europe, Eastern Europe & North Africa • SIGNIFICANCE: • Ottomans acquired a new capital and port which allowed them to expand & spread Islam

  4. Ottoman Empire continued • Ottomans tolerant of Christians/Jews • Allowed religious freedom throughout their empire • 1700’s --- Ottoman Empire begins declining • Great Britain/France begin to take much territory from the Ottomans • Algeria --- France • Egypt --- Great Britain • Great Britain/France waiting for Ottomans to crumble

  5. Fall of Ottoman Empire • World War I --- Ottomans side w/ Germany • Great Britain makes deal with Ottomans: • Create Arab homeland with religious freedom for all faiths • Great Britain secretly plans to divide empire with France

  6. Fall of Ottoman Empire continued • Ottomans & Germany lose WWI • Ottomans forced to sign peace treaty 3 parts of peace treaty: 1. Arab state in Saudi Arabia & Yemen 2. France controls Syria & Lebanon 3. Great Britain gets Iraq, Jordan, & Palestine (Israel)

  7. Creation of Israel • Zionist Movement (late 1800’s/early 1900’s) • Jews thought Palestine was the only home they knew & free from persecution • PROBLEM • Great Britain controlled Palestine after WWI • British promised Muslims a homeland --- offered Muslims self determination • Self determination: right to decide political future

  8. Creation of Israel continued • BIGGER PROBLEM: • Balfour Declaration (1917): Stated G. Britain’s support for creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine w/out violating Muslim rights • Many Muslim nations (Jordan, Syria, Iraq) began to form independent nations after World War II • Sympathy arose for the Jews after news of their suffering emerged during WWII (Holocaust) • Jews from Europe began to migrate to Israel

  9. Creation of Israel continued • Tensions among the 3 groups (British, Muslims, Jews) turned violent • 1947 --- British w/drew from Palestine --- turned area over to the United Nations • UN Solution for Palestine: • Palestine --- divided into 2 states (one Muslim, one Jewish) (1) • Jerusalem would be international city sacred to Christians, Muslims, Jews (2)

  10. Creation of Israel continued • accepted UN plan, Muslims did not • Muslims said plan not fair since they had majority population • UN approved division of Palestine • 1948 --- creation of Israel • Almost immediately, Muslim countries attack

  11. Israel v. Muslim countries • Israel’s borders change within a 30 year period • 1948 War, 1967 Six Day War & the 1973 Yom Kippur War • Egypt, Jordan, Syria • Israel gains more land • West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula • Palestinian Muslims flee to areas/live in refugee camps • Sinai Peninsula will eventually go back to Egypt

  12. PLO • Palestinian Liberation Organization • Formed in mid-1960’s to represent best interests of Palestinian Muslims • Said Muslims were only group that had rights to Palestine • Leader: Yasir Arafat (dies 2004) • 1980’s --- called for an intifada or uprising in Israeli occupied territories • terrorist attacks by PLO against Israel • Has control of West Bank • Official gov’t now called the Palestinian National Authority

  13. Hamas • Created in the 1980’s • Also responsible for terrorist attacks against Israel • Took control of Gaza Strip --- 2007 • Imposed Islamic law • Legal system based on Islamic principles • Money for Hamas comes from countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfMyuDc9yx0 4:12 min

  14. Hezbollah • Military group/political party in Lebanon • Founded in response to Israeli forces invading Lebanon in the early 1980’s • Led by Shi’a Muslims • Sophisticated attacks against Israel • Determined to drive Israeli troops out of Lebanon • Also claimed responsibility for 1983 killings of 200 U.S. Marines in Beirut, Lebanon

  15. Conflict continues • Both Hamas and PLO have hatred for European countries and the U.S. Hatred comes from: 1. Dishonesty of Great Britain after WWI 2. UN granting land to Israel 3. Foreign countries meddling in Middle East 4. U.S. military and financial support of Israel

  16. Iran • Once ruled by a shah-ruler • 1970’s---Iranians wanted an Islamic theocracy • Theocracy: gov’t ruled through religion • shah did not truly represent the Islamic religion • 1979-people of Iran revolted • shah left Iran for United States • Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini set up new Islamic gov’t—became the Republic of Iran

  17. Changes Made by Ayatollah Khomeini • Harsh punishments for anyone who spoke out against the gov’t (1) • Had to abide by Islamic dress code, especially women-had to be covered (2) • No Western influences (3) • Examples: No American movies/music/clothing/news

  18. Iran Hostage Crisis • Nov. 1979 • Iranian university students took 66 people hostage @ U.S. embassy in Tehran • Hostages held 444 days • tried rescue attempt October 1980 • Rescue attempt failed • killing 8 U.S. military men • some of the reason why Jimmy Carter not reelected • Hostages finally released Jan 1981 • the day Ronald Reagan took oath of office

  19. Iraq vs Iran • 1980-Iraq & Iran start the 8 Year War • Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein, fought Iran over a border dispute (Strait of Hormuz) • Iraq was supplied with weapons by the U.S. • Iran got weapons from the former communist Soviet Union • The U.S. also secretly sold weapons to Iran • War ended in a truce

  20. Hussein vs. the U.S. • Former leader---Saddam Hussein-came to power in 1979 • 1990—Hussein attacks Kuwait b/c of its large oil supply • US comes to Kuwait’s aid---beginning of Desert Storm Conflict/First Gulf War • 1991-US liberates Kuwait from Iraq • Hussein remains in power • United Nations places embargo or severe restriction on trade w/ other countries on Iraq

  21. Hussein vs U.S. continued • Embargo was to force Hussein to give up chemical/nuclear weapons • 2002---United Nations inspectors look for chemical weapons in Iraq • March 2003-US invades Iraq—beginning of 2nd War in the Gulf • Hussein captured in 2003, tried/executed in 2006

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