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Peeter Normak

Information Society Approaches and ICT Processes (IFI8101) The concept of information society and its evolvement. Peeter Normak. Objective of the lecture. We will answer the following questions: How to define information society ? How the concept Information Society has been evolved?

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Peeter Normak

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  1. Information Society Approaches and ICT Processes (IFI8101)The concept of information society and its evolvement • Peeter Normak

  2. Objective of the lecture • We will answer the following questions: • How to define information society? • How the concept Information Society has been evolved? • What were and what are the reasons for the development of the information society?

  3. The structure of the lecture Definition of the Information Society (ISoc) Definition of the Knowledge Society Reasons for formation of ISoc Formation of the ISoc conception Measuring ISoc

  4. Definition of Information Society

  5. Introduction of the term Information Society • First was the term Information Society – in Japanies language – used in Japan at the beginning of 1960-ies (Kisho Kurokawa, Tudao Umesao). • 1964 – first appearance of the term in a publication (Michiko Igarashi, Jiro Kamishima). • 1968/1969 – first usage of the term in the title of a monograph (Yujiro Hayashi, Yoneji Masuda, Konichi Kohuma). • 1970 – first usage in English language (Yoneji Masuda). • NB! There is still no commonly agreed definition of this concept!

  6. Discussion • Name the keywords that describe the concept of Information Society?

  7. Information society – definition 1 • Wikipedia: • An information society is a society where the creation, distribution, use, integration and manipulation of informationis a significant economic, political, and cultural activity. Its main drivers are digital information and communication technologies, which have resulted in an information explosion and are profoundly changing all aspects of social organization, including the economy. • Key concepts: information, ICT.

  8. Information society – definition 2 • Business Dictionary: • Information society is a post-industrial society in whichinformation technology (IT) is transforming every aspect of cultural, political, and social life and which is based on the production and distribution of information. • It is characterized by the • pervasive influence of IT on home, work, and recreational aspects of the individuals daily routine, • stratification into new classes those who are information-rich and those who are information-poor, • loosening of the nation state's hold on the lives of individuals and the rise of highly sophisticated criminals who can steal identities and vast sums of money through information related (cyber) crime. • Key concepts: IT, information.

  9. Information society – definition 3 • Estonian Information Society Strategy 2013: • The term “information society” usually denotes a society, where the majority of values created by mankind are contained in information. Most of the information stored by the society is maintained, transformed and transmitted in a universal digital form. By using a data exchange network, all members of society have access to information. • NB! Estonian Information Society Strategy 2020 does not contain any definition of Information Society! Neither A digital agenda for Europe: • http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0245:FIN:EN:PDF • Key concept: (digital) information – ICT is not explicitly mentioned.

  10. Information Society – definition 4 • The IBM Community Development Foundation: • A society characterised by a high level of information intensity in the everyday life of most citizens, in most organisations and workplaces; by the use of common or compatible technology for a wide range of personal, social, educational and business activities, and by the ability to transmit, receive and exchange digital data rapidly between places irrespective of distance. • Key concepts: information, technology

  11. Information Society – OECD conceptual model* • Components: • ICT demand (users and uses) • ICT supply (producers and production) • ICT in a wider context (education, innovation etc) • Connectors/mediators/enablers: • ICT infrastructure • ICT products • Information and electronic content • * OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society 2011, page 13. • Compare with the keywords from NETIS Course Book, pages 212-213 (to be sent).

  12. Discussion • Information society is a society where economic development, culture, politics and well-being of its members bases to a great extent on the production and use of information. • Your opinion: should the terms “digital” (form) and “ICT” (tools) be included in the definition?

  13. What does information mean? • The meaning of Information – a message being conveyed/transmitted (in whatever form using whatever means and having whatever types of sources and targets). Examples: • formal – a sequence of symbols, • physical – a collection of signals (for example, sound or light) NB! Information as such should not necessarily have some meaning. For example, the sequence TAG can represent a part in DNA double helix, or it can mean the translation of “day” in German language. A human (a cognitive observer) is not necessarily involved in transmitting information.

  14. Conclusion 1 • For making use of information, it should be considered/interpreted in a context. There should necessarily be an mediator – information is useless without having an interpretation. • Opportunities to use information depends on its interpretation. • Interpretation is fundamental, it assigns a meaning to the information. • Information is usable only when coupled with its interpretation.

  15. Information + meaning = knowledge • There does not exist any commonly agreed definition of knowledge. • Possible general formula: • Knowledge = Information + meaning (Example: TAG as DAY) • Knowledge = Information + experience + belief • Example: Knowledge is any acquired experience that helps the man to make sense of the world. • If information has been perceived by a conscious mind and also interpreted by it, the specific context associated with this interpretation may cause the transformation of the information into knowledge.

  16. Knowledge Society (KS) • KS is a society which bases to a great extent on analysis and application of knowledge for improving the human living. • A knowledge society differs from information society in that the former serves to transform information into resources that allow society to take effective action while the latter only creates and disseminates the raw data (C. Castelfranchi, 2007). • NB! The word “knowledge” (“information”) appears 59 (214) times in the “Information society” Wikipedia article (2.02.2019). • The word “information” (“knowledge”) appears 23 (62) times in the “Knowledge society” Wikipedia article (2.02.2019)

  17. Google: Information Society versus Knowledge Society 2.02.2019 In English (compared with 29.01.2017 and 9.01.2014, respectively): • “information society” – 8 920 000 (6 610 000; 1 580 000) • “knowledge society” – 2 150 000 ( 563 000; 621 000) In Estonian (compared with 29.01.2017): • “infoühiskond” – 160 000 (72 900) • “teadmusühiskond” – 16 600 ( 9 350)

  18. Conclusion 2 • The concept • Information Society • is in fact considered as • Knowledge Society

  19. Possible solution? • Consider the term Information Society as a metaphor. • Adapt the concepts to the language, basing, for example, on the Knowledge-based Theory of Information1): • Data are the measure for description of objects or events. • Knowledge is justified true belief of the relationship between constructs. • Information is the meaning produced from data based on a knowledge framework that is associated with the selection of the state of conditional readiness for goal-directed activities. • 1) William J.Kettinger, Yuan Li (2010). The infological equation extended: towards conceptual clarity in the relationship between data, information and knowledge. European Journal of Information Systems 19, 409-421. knowledge Data information

  20. Formation of the major concepts of the contemporary society

  21. Formation of the concepts – Fritz Machlup • Fritz Machlup (1902-1983) started systematic studies about the role of knowledge in the development of society. Initially (in 1930-ies) he studied the effect of patents on research, and later widened his scope to the industry sector. • NB! He was 20 when he got his PhD degree. • Introduced the notion knowledge economy/industry in 1962 (in his book “The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States”). • He considered the following as knowledge sectors: education, research and development, mass media, information technologies, information services. • Benoit Godin (2008). “The Knowledge Economy: Fritz Maclup’s Construction of a Synthetic Concept”: http://www.csiic.ca/PDF/Godin_37.pdf

  22. Formation of the concepts – Peter Drucker • Peter Ferdinand Drucker (1909-2005). Introduced the concepts knowledge worker (1959) and knowledge society (1969). Introduced also the concepts outsourcing and third sector. • Propagated the idea that an enterprise should base on its core competence and outsource the rest. • According to his views the economy will base in the future on the production of knowledge, instead of physical goods. • NB1. He was in fact also a proponent of the principles of flexible (agile) methodologies. • Knowledge became a commodity (Examples: Digital libraries, Google). • See the Key ideas of P.Drucker: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Drucker

  23. Formation of the concept – Manuel Castells • Manuel Castells (Manuel Castells Oliván, born 1942; Google Scholar – 59 100) brought with his book “The Rise of Network Society” (1996) the concept network society in common usage. • His fundamental Information Age trilogy: • 1996: The Rise of the Network Society • 1997: The Power of Identity • 1998: End of Millennium. • “A network society is a society where the key social structures and activities are organized around electronically processed information networks”. • Network society was in his understanding not only as a connected set of subjects (as van Dijk it considered), but involves also the aspects of culture, economy and politics. • Introduced the concept Space of Flows. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_society

  24. Related concepts and key persons (Google Scholar hits in 29.01.2017) • 1970 – super-industrial society (Alvin Toffler, “information overload”; GS – 24 700) • 1971 – post-industrial society (Alain Touraine; GS – 24 500) • 1978 – wired society (James H. Martin; GS – 12 432) • 1979 – postmodern society (Jean-François Lyotard; 27 100) • 1986 – risk society (Ulrich Beck; 48 100) • 1991 – network society (Jan van Dijk, Google Scholar – 3 870) • 1993 – post-capitalist society (Peter F. Drucker; GS – 19 300) • 1997 – informational capitalism (Tessa Morris-Suzuki; GS – 2 540) • 1999 – digital capitalism (Peter Glotz; GS – 3 440) • 2007 – transnational network/informational capitalism (Chr. Fuchs; GS – 7 632) • ? – smart society/society 5.0* (Information society = Society 4.0) * https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/stg/D-STG-SG02.01.1-2017-PDF-E.pdf

  25. Example: Application of the Network Society concept • Connectivism – application in education. Introduced by George Siemens and Stephen Downes (2005). Basic principles: • Learning and knowledge rests in diversity of opinions. • Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources. • Learning may reside in non-human appliances. • Learning is more critical than knowing. • Maintaining and nurturing connections is needed to facilitate continual learning. • Perceiving connections between fields, ideas and concepts is a core skill. • Currency (accurate, up-to-date knowledge) is the intent of learning activities. • Decision-making is itself a learning process.

  26. Discussion • What were/are the most important reasons/prerequisites for the development of information society?

  27. Development of technology for handling digital data • The storage capacity: • The amount of electronically stored information: 1986 – 2.6 exabyte; 2007 – 295 EB; 2016 – 1100 EB, 1 EB = 1018 bytes = 106 TB). • The capacity of communication channels: • 1986 - 281 petabyte/day, 2007 – 65 EB/day; 1 PB = 103 TB. • Computing power: • Growth about 4 degrees (1986 – 3×108 MIPS, 2007 – 6.4×1012 MIPS; 1 MIPS = Million instructions per second).

  28. Structural change of the economy: from local to global • Markets have tremendously expanded from the middle of 20th century. • Innovation to improve production became the main prerequisite of competitiveness and sustainability. Information/knowledge in turn is a prerequisite of innovation. • The services sector (including research and information services) started to act as the most important enabler. • Examples: • The total volume of services and production were almost equal in Germany in 1960-ies. The ratio is now about 3:1. • The proportion of services offered by IBM rose between 1995 and 2005 in its revenues from 28% to 55%.

  29. Work processes in the past • Products and services were company-centered, based on the company’s capabilities. • Manufacturing (particularly mass production) was standardized and based on the pre-defined unified processes. • Production assumed certain – previously defined – knowledge and skills of workers. • Internal communication (including knowledge distribution) was top-down; the workers were not involved in knowledge creation. • The processes were rigid and the changes in environmental conditions were slowly taken into account.

  30. Work processes in the future • Work is outcome-driven, relying on the cooperation and competence of all parties involved. • Work is dynamically adaptive, taking into account the individual needs of each individual client. • Taking into account the individual needs of the clients assumes their involvement and negotiations. • Quick reaction and response to changing conditions and needs of clients, innovative and flexible approach in solving problems.

  31. Secondary reasons for development of information society Some reasons: • Services are moving to the Internet, which has evolved into a global marketing instrument. • Adaptation of products and services to the individual needs of each client (co-creation, mass customization). • Emerging of horizontal and distributed cooperation networks (communities of practice, thematic networks, digital ecosystems etc). • Introduction of new process and business models. Example: collaborative economy (jagamismajandus in Estonian). All these activities are critically based on information/knowledge and networking.

  32. Conclusion 3 • Development of information society is caused first of all by the fast development of technology and corresponding structural changes of the economy and work processes.

  33. Discussion • What are currently the most important factors for the further development of the information society?

  34. How to measure the maturity level of the information society?

  35. Measuring information society - ITU International Telecommunication Union: Measuring the Information Society Report 2018, Volume 1 (https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/misr2018/MISR-2018-Vol-1-E.pdf). ICT Development Index (IDI; will be revised in 2019) • ICT access (telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, internet bandwidth, % of households with a computer, % of households with internet access), • ICT use (% of internet users, broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants), • ICT skills (mean years of schooling, enrolment ratio).

  36. Measuring ISoc – WSIS Action Lines-SDG*s Matrix Approved by World Summit on the Information Society in 2015 (https://www.itu.int/net4/wsis/sdg/Content/wsis-sdg_matrix_document.pdf): • The role of governments and all stakeholders in the promotion of ICT for development. • ICT infrastructure. • Access to information knowledge. • Capacity building. • Building confidence and security in the use of ICT. • Enabling environment. • ICT applications (e-government, e-business, e-learning, e-health, …) • Cultural diversity and identity, linguistic diversity and local content. • Media. • Ethical dimensions of the Information Society. • International and regional cooperation. * SDG – Sustainable Development Goal (17 goals.)

  37. Measuring Information Society – World Economic Forum Network Readiness Index 2016 (http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR2016/WEF_GITR_Chapter1.1_2016.pdf) • Political and regulatory environment (9 indicators). • Business and innovation environment (9). • Infrastructure (4). • Affordability (3). • Skills (4). • Individual usage (7). • Business usage (6). • Government usage (3). • Economic impacts (4). • Social impacts (4).

  38. United Nations • The Global Information Society: a Statistical View (http://unctad.org/en/docs/LCW190_en.pdf). Extremely complex, consisting of the following blocks: • ICT infrastructure and access. • Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals. • Use of ICT by businesses. • The ICT-producing sector and international trade in ICT goods. • ICT in education.

  39. Eurostat Information Society Indicators – figures for Estonia • 86% of individuals are using the internet at least once a week (EU28 average – 81%) • 87% of households have a broadband connection (83%) • 79% of individuals are using the internet for interacting with public authorities (50%) • 63% of individuals are using the internet for obtaining information from public authorities (40%) • 40% of individuals are using the internet for downloading official forms from public authorities (30%) • 70% of individuals are using the internet for submitting completed forms to public authorities (30%)

  40. Digital public services in Europe (EU28) The indicators: 1) The % of eGovernment users, 2) the level of sophistication of a country’s eGovernment services, 3) the extent to which the various steps can be performed completely online, 4) the government’s commitment to open data.  Source: European Commission, Digital Agenda Scoreboard (2017)

  41. eGovernment Benchmark 2018 (study for European Commission) • User centricity (online availability, usability, mobile friendliness) – 91 (EU28 average – 82) • Transparency (service delivery, public organisations, personal data) – 84 (59) • Citizen cross border mobility (online availability, usability, eID cross borders, eDocuments cross borders) – 69 (48) • Business cross border mobility (online availability, usability, eID cross borders, eDocuments cross borders) – 73 (61) • Key enablers (eID, eDocuments, authentic sources, digital post) – 90 (54)

  42. eGovernment Benchmark 2018

  43. Cyber security National Cyber Security Index (November, 2018): https://ncsi.ega.ee (developed in Estonia)

  44. Conclusion 4 • The level of application of ICT tools is the major measure of the maturity of information society.

  45. Home assignments • Based on the first chapters of NETIS Course Book (until page 47) and the description of information society (pages 212-224) answer the following questions: • What aspects of information society is your research going to contribute at most. • Name five buzzwords or sub-fields from pages 212-213 that at most characterize your research. • Fix the exact title of your analytical article (and the seminar session). • Start preparation of your seminar session.

  46. Next class: • Wednesday, 13.02.2019 • Contemporary trends of information society development

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