390 likes | 408 Views
The Properties of Sea Water. What makes water so special? Why is the ocean salty?. Where’s the Water?. Reservoir Volume (10 6 km 3 ) Percent Ocean 1370 97.3 Ice (polar) 29 2.1 Groundwater 5 0.4 Lakes 0.1 0.01 Atmosphere 0.01 0.001 Rivers 0.001 0.0001.
E N D
The Properties of Sea Water What makes water so special? Why is the ocean salty?
Where’s the Water? • Reservoir Volume (106 km3) PercentOcean 1370 97.3Ice (polar) 29 2.1Groundwater 5 0.4Lakes 0.1 0.01Atmosphere 0.01 0.001Rivers 0.001 0.0001
Where did the water in the Oceans come from? • Outgassing (H2O, CO2) of the Earth from volcanoes, early in its history, but continuing today • Sedimentary rocks as old as 3.8 billion years! • A much smaller amount from comets that pass by
Water is a “Polar” Molecule • Weak electrical attraction makes for “sticky” molecules • This explains its unique properties:heat capacitysurface tensiondissolving power
Temperature vs Heat • Temperature is a measure of how fast the molecules in a substance are moving • Heat is a measure of how much energy has to be put into (or gotten out of) a substance to change its temperature, or “state” (solid, liquid, gas)
Sensible Heat vs Latent Heat • Sensible heat is what we sense from different temperatures; energy needed to raise T (or released to decrease T) • Latent heat is the energy needed to change state (ice to water, water to vapor)
Exists in three states on the planet surface water vapor ice liquid water
solid liquid gas Changes of state Water co-exists on the Earth in 3 physical states:Habitable Planet
Changes of state always occur at constant temperature The heat needed for a change of state is called latent heat
Evaporationfrom lakes, oceans, rivers, etc. occurs for temperatures lower than 100 oC But it requires more energy to do so
Major source of energy to power the Earth’s weather systems Energy liberated into the atmosphere (condensation) Energy removed from surface (evaporation)
Consequences Bottom temperature of deep, cold lakes is always 4 oC. Ice floats on the water surface, so fish survive. Pipes (or beer bottles) can freeze and burst.
Surface tension- measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Water has the highest surface tension of all common liquids
Special Properties of Water • Density of solid is less than liquid • Melting and boiling points are very high • Highest heat capacity • High heat of fusion and vaporization • Tremendous dissolving power
Why is the Ocean Salty? • Total dissolved solids (called “salinity”) • About 3.5% by weight (average seawater) • Usually expressed as 35 0/00 (parts per thousand, ppt) • Varies geographically according to Evaporation, Precipitation, and Rivers
The Most Abundant Ions • Chloride (Cl-) 19.0 g/kg • Sodium (Na+) 10.6 “ • Sulfate (SO42-) 2.6 “ • Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.2 “ • Calcium (Ca2+) 0.4 “ • Potassium (K+) 0.4 “ 35.2 g/kg
Ions in Sea Water • Anions are negatively chargedexamples: Cl-, SO4- • Cations are positively chargedexamples: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
Measuring Salinity • Principle ofConstant Proportionse.g., SO42-/Cl- is a constant, independent of salinity • This means we need measure only one ion to get salinity; i.e., Cl- • Today salinity is measured quickly by electrical conductivity of sea water
Where does Salinity come from? • Terrigenous input (rivers, dust, ash) • Hydrothermal vents • Dissolving old sediments (evaporites) • Steady State: Inputs equal Outputs
Weathering of Rocks • H2O + CO2 ---> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) • “acid” rain, pH ~4-5; environmental concerns (HCl, HF, H2SO4) • Dissolves rock minerals into ions, which travel down rivers to the ocean
Residence Time • How long do the various dissolved ions stay in the ocean? Depends on how “reactive”. • Residence Time: The average time spent by a substance in the Ocean = Amount in SeaRate entering or exiting
Residence Time • For water entering through rivers, the residence time is about Volume=1370x106 km3 (oceans) Flux 0.037x106 km3/yr (rivers) = 35,000 years.For Cl-, the residence time is 100 Ma!For Fe2+, the residence time is 200 yrWhich is likely to obey Constant Proportions?
Adding salt lowers the freezing temperature: Seawater freezes at about -2 oC Freezing removes fresh water, leaves salt
Evaporation - Precipitation • Over the oceans, evaporation exceeds precipitation • The balance is restored by rain over the continents, returning water via rivers
Which processes change the surface salinities ? saltier fresher evaporation precipitation sea ice formation sea ice melting freshwater runoff from land
The Atlantic! • In spite of the fact that many BIG rivers empty into the Atlantic than the Pacific, the Atlantic is actually significantly saltier because of the evaporation-precipitation cycle and the Isthmus of Panama plus input from the Mediterranean Sea
Surface salinities Evaporation, precipitation, and wind patterns explain high/low salinity of Atlantic/Pacific.
Summary: • Water is a polar molecule -- unique properties (melting pt, heat capacity, dissolving power, water denser than ice) • Salinity is the total dissolved solids • Salinity in the surface ocean varies by Evaporation - Precipitation • Principle ofConstant Proportions • Residence Time in the Oceans