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Salmonella

Salmonella. Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA. Salmonella. PART TOPIC ________________________________________ 1 Case Study: The Hudson Farm

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Salmonella

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  1. Salmonella Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA

  2. Salmonella PART TOPIC ________________________________________ 1 Case Study: The Hudson Farm 2 What Should You Know About Salmonella ? 3 Prevention and Control Strategies

  3. PART ONEHudson Farm: a Case Study

  4. Hudson Farm

  5. Meet the Hudsons ! Linda Mary Fred Susan John Jeff Dave

  6. The Hudson Dairy Farm • History • 1920 - Established • 1956 - Upgraded • 1981 - New structures & equipment • Employees • Jeff Hudson, owner • 1 farm worker • 1 milker • Dave, Linda, Fred • Susan & John feed the calves Jeff Hudson Owner Since 1982

  7. M&S Milk cow barn Dry cow & heifer barn Feed barn Holding area Calf barn B T R Milking parlor Tool shed Hudson home Grazing area Hudson dairy farm layout

  8. HERD PERFORMANCE Grade A milk 4600- 4800 lbs of milk per day No antibiotic residue violations BTMSCC: 200,000 - 500,000 last year. DAIRY CATTLE 12 calves 19 dry cows 20 heifers 87 cows in milk OTHER ANIMALS 4 stray cats 2 dogs 1 pony 3 ducks and 8 chickens Dairy Herd Statistics

  9. People with whom Jeff interacts …... Milk Agent Farm Worker Cull Cow Farm Credit Dealer Agent Banker Salesmen County Ext. Agent Veterinarian

  10. So goes the story !

  11. October 1, 7.00 am Jeff, I have got a deal for you ! How about 3 calves for $ 90 ? IF you don’t, I have someone who will take it ! ???? I’ take it !

  12. October 1, 10.00 am

  13. M&S Milk cow barn Dry cow & heifer barn Feed barn Holding area Calf barn B T R Milking parlor Tool shed Hudson home Grazing area There’s no one to tell him where to put the calves, so he leaves them in the calf barn !!!!!!

  14. October 4 5.00 am 3 new calves, and 2 other calves have high temp. and bloody diarrhea …! 8.00 am The Vet examines the herd. He also takes a swab sample for lab testing. He then treats the calves, and then tells Jeff …”You might have a serious problem”

  15. October 4 8.00 p.m. A total 7 out of 15 calves are now sick. He treats the sick calves. 11.00 PM Jeff, has to take both and to the County Hospital emergency room --- abdominal cramps and high temperature. This has not been a good day for Jeff !

  16. October 5 4.00 am Children admitted. Dave volunteers to help 5.00 am 8 dead calves Dave loads the dead calves on the UNI-LOADER and takes them to the pit. 6.00 am The cows have just returned from milking, he quickly TURNS AROUND hoses down the uniloader, and picks up feed for feeding the cows

  17. October 8 • Nothing much happening on the farm. • The remaining sick calves nursed back to health. • On October 8th, the children return home. Diagnosis: Salmonellosis. October 10 • The veterinarian calls to tell that Salmonella from his calves is a new type of Salmonella called DT104.

  18. October 12 • 4.00 am • 18 cows in milk are scouring ! • 9.00 am • Sick cows are moved from the milk barn to the maternity /sick pen. • 11.00 am • The Vet examines the cows. Verdict: Salmonellosis. • 12.00 noon • Mr. Smith a neighbor, who buys raw milk tells Jeff that they are going to host 24 Boy Scouts over the weekend on his game farm.

  19. October 14 • 9.00 am • Jeff learns, 18 of 24 boy scouts are hospitalized & 2 in serious condition. • 11.00 am • The County Health Officer, the State Regulatory Veterinarian, The Milk Agent, his Veterinarian, FDA and USDA officials come to the farm. • 11.30 am • Herd is to be quarantined, till further notice.

  20. All newspapers carry the outbreak story ! Milk makes kids sick ……… Salmonella outbreak traced to DAIRY farm …….. Milk contains bugs that makes people sick ………. Scientists say …….. Dairy farming ...... Dairy cows ….. All infected with dangerous bugs Killer bug on the loose …… dairy cows responsible

  21. How did Salmonella typhimurium DT104 get into raw milk ?

  22. Date Event October 1 Apparently healthy calves brought Apparently clean looking truck New calves mixed with other calves

  23. Date Event October 1- 3 Incubation period for Salmonella (Children probably infected) October 4 Clinical symptoms in calves & children

  24. Date Event October 5 Dead calves loaded onto uniloader UNI- LOADER IS CONTAMINATED WITH SALMONELLA ! Uni-loader hosed down with water !!!!! Picks up feed--- FEED IS CONTAMINATED WITH SALMONELLA ! SALMONELLA

  25. Date Event October 5 Cows infected with SalmonellaTyphimurium DT104 October 10 Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 Multiple antibiotic resistance: Ampicillin Chloramphenicol Streptomycin Sulfonamides Tetracycline Incidence increasing in the US 3 human outbreaks reported !

  26. Date Event October 5-12 Cows infected with Salmonella

  27. Date Event October 12- Infected cows contaminate milking stall, parlor and milk in bulk tank

  28. Putting it all together !

  29. PART TWOWhat should you know about Salmonella ?

  30. What’s Salmonella ? • Salmonella is a bacteria • Rod shaped • Appears pink to red when stained with Gram’s stain (Gram-negative) • Belongs to a family; Enterobacteriaceae (intestinal bacteria) • Salmonella (genus) • enterica ( species) • serovar ( over 2200 serovars) Example: Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin S. Dublin Light Microscope Electron Microscope

  31. Historical Perspective DANIEL ELMER SALMON, D.V.M. (1850-1914)Father of disease eradication Pioneer in public health practice and medical researchDiscoverer of salmonellaeExperimental Immunologist, Epidemiologist, AdministratorBureau of Animal Health[ Veterinary Medicine and Human Health, C. W. Schwabe, 1969] One of the first veterinary students from Cornell University, and holder of the first D.V. M. degree (1876)

  32. Where does Salmonella come from ? • Inhabitant of intestinal tract of • animals • birds • reptiles • insects • Host adapted • Human: S. Typhi • Cattle: S. Dublin • Poultry: S. Pullorum • Pigs: S. Choleraesuis • Non host adapted • S. Typhimurium

  33. What’s Salmonellosis ? • When Salmonella causes a physical illness in animals or human beings it is termed as Salmonellosis Is Salmonella communicable between animals and humans ? YES ! • Human outbreaks of Salmonellosis in the United States are frequently associated with food products of animal origin including eggs, meat, milk and milk products 38 Outbreaks, 14 (37%) traced to products of bovine origin !

  34. Bovine Salmonellosis • Magnitude of the problem • National survey • 2.1% fecal samples from 7.4% of farms • Cull dairy cows • 4.6% of cull cows (Washington State) • Neonatal calves • Ohio- 4.8% farms; California- 16 % farms • Missing information • Estimates of economic losses • calf and adult cattle • milk production • contaminated raw bulk tank milk Salmonella in raw milk Wisconsin --- 4.7% Tennessee --- 8.9% South Dakota - 6.1%

  35. Bovine Salmonellosis • Common serotypes isolated from cattle in the United States • S. Dublin - ( group ‘D’) ------------- Most • S. Typhimurium - ( group ‘B’) --- common • S. Newport • S. Muenster • S. Saintpaul • S. Anatum • S. Kentucky • S. Montevideo

  36. How does Salmonella gain access to a farm ? Most important sources of infection Replacement calves trucks heifer/ cows birds /pests feed water visitors

  37. Other routes of entry

  38. Contaminated feed water feces colostrum / milk Salmonella & host interaction Animal Intestine OUTCOME ? Salmonella Environment Microscopic picture of small intestine

  39. Outcome of an Salmonella infection …. No Salmonella in feces and milk No clinical signs Salmonella infrequently present feces and or milk SYMPTOMLESS CARRIER Salmonella present in the body but not excreted recover LATENT CARRIER Fever, diarrhea, bloody stool, dehydration, anorexia/ emaciation rapid breathing, sloughing of skin from extremities Clinical symptoms Salmonella in feces and or milk ACTIVE CARRIER death

  40. Animals with Salmonella infection that appear healthy and show no signs of disease make detection diagnosis prevention and control one of the most difficult tasks to achieve and provide the greatest challenges to the animal health industry. Salmonella carriers ? ACTIVE CARRIER LATENT CARRIER SYMPTOMLESSCARRIER

  41. How do healthy animals become infected? FECES AND DISCHARGE Sick Contamination of: 1. Barn/ manure 2. Water troughs 3. Feed 4. Run off waste 5. Uni-loader 6. Other equipment Sick but apparently look healthy Feces On farm newly purchased Direct Milk Feces colostrum Indirect Healthy calves Healthy cows

  42. “Characteristics of Salmonella and Salmonellosis --- points to remember”* ONE : Infection on a farm is maintained primarily by transmission of Salmonella from feces of infected animals ACTION: Break the links in the chain by minimizing opportunity for fecal contamination of feedstuffs, feeding surfaces, water troughs and equipment * Partly taken from: John M. Gay, Bovine Herd Salmonellosis http://www.vetmed. wsu.edu / courses-jmgay/ fdiuherdsalmonella.htm

  43. TWO: Salmonella infection & subsequent clinical disease is a result of : • ACTION: Maximize host resistance by paying careful attention to the transition of susceptible animals (periparturient cows newborn calves). OrganismAnimal * serotype * age * virulence * immunity * No. of organisms * nutrition * prior exposure * stress

  44. THREE: Salmonella infects anything in the livestock environment that has an intestinal tract: ACTION: Initiate control programs 1. Rodent proof and bird proof feed storage 2. Remove nesting and roosting opportunities

  45. FOUR: Majority of Salmonella infections in a herd over a period of time are symptomlessClinical infections are only the tip of the iceberg, even during clinical outbreaks of disease ICEBERG EFFECT ACTION:in an outbreak handle all animals as if they were shedding not just the sick ones. Reduce water and feed contamination. Clinical Normal Subclinical

  46. FIVE : Some symptomless animals shed Salmonella through saliva, nasal secretions, urine, milk and feces • Such animals POSE THE GREATEST PROBLEM in controlling spread of Salmonella infection as they contaminate • water bowls • nipples • oral treatment equipment (balling guns, esophageal feeders) • human hands • ACTION: Clean all equipment with Chlorhexidine ( 3 oz. / gal) and other items such as boots and mats with orthophenylphenol.

  47. 1. Normal Dry Matter Intake 2. Normal VFA level 3. No Growth of Salmonella in rumen 1. Lowered Dry Matter Intake 2. Lowered VFA level 3. Increase in number of Salmonella in rumen SIX:Salmonella are usually killed by exposure to the volatile fatty acids of fully functional normal rumens 1. Don’t have regular access to feed 2. During transport 3. Parturition 4. Subclinical ketosis 5. Hypocalcemia 6. Sudden ration changes 7. Ration maladaptation 8. Inadequate bunk space and pen space 9. Mixing submissive heifers with dominant cows at parturition ACTION: Maximize rumen function by maximizing a consistent dry matter intake in periparturient and early fresh cows

  48. SEVEN: Salmonella survives for long periods under conditions common on the livestock farm • Colostrum • 30 C, 2 to 5 weeks. • 5 C to 11 C, for ~ 10 days, low pH will reduce the number of Salmonella • Pasture and soil ---- 200 days • Garden soil ---- 251 days • Liquid manure --- 27 days ( S. Dublin), --- 286 days ( S. Anatum) • Slurry - 84 to 250 days • Infected feces stored in cans - 159 days ( S. Dublin)

  49. EIGHT: People who are at risk of illness • Farm workers • Expectant mothers handling sick animals • Working with sick calves and cows • Poor personal hygiene • Consuming raw bulk tank milk • Public • Consuming raw milk, fresh cheese made of raw milk.

  50. NINE:Personal hygiene practices on farm Wash hands with soap and water A must before and after: 1. Attending sick calves and animals 2. Milking cows ( also wear gloves) 3. Manure handling Dress and boots 1. Change into farm boots on the farm 2. Wash farm boots regularly 3. Leave farm boots on the farm 4. Wash and disinfect farm clothes IF available: shower before leaving the farm Avoid drinking raw milk

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