Two-Generation Programs in the 21 st Century

1. Two-Generation Programs in the 21st Century P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale Frances Willard Professor of Human Development and Social Policy Faculty Fellow, Institute for Policy Research Associate Provost for Faculty Northwestern University Helping Parents, Helping Children: Exploring the Promise of Two-Generation Programs Princeton, NJ May 22, 2014

2. Acknowledgements: Collaborators • Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Columbia University • Teresa Eckrich Sommer & Terri J. Sabol Northwestern University • Hirokazu Yoshikawa New York University • Christopher King • University of Texas at Austin • Steven Dow & Monica Barczak • Community Action Project of Tulsa

3. Acknowledgements: Funders Administration for Children and Families, Health & Human Services Ascend at the Aspen Institute W.K. Kellogg Foundation Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation George Kaiser Family Foundation

4. Presentation Overview • Education Crisis in the U.S. • Two-Generation Programs 1.0 and 2.0 • Theory and Empirical Evidence • What is Happening Nationally? • Future Directions

5. Education Crisis in the U.S.

6. Educational Requirements in the 21st Century • Education beyond high school is essential for success in the global economy • U.S. labor market increasingly requires higher levels of education and training • Disappearance of family-supporting, low-skilled jobs

7. Parents’ Education among Low-Income Children Under Age 3, 2010 67% of low income children have parents with a high school degree or less Basic Facts About Low-income Children, 2010: Children Under Age 3. National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University

8. Socioeconomic Disparities in U.S. Postsecondary Degree Completion Family Income Quintile Graph from Isaacs et al., 2008; Brookings tabulation of PSID data from 2005

9. Student Parents • 27% of all undergraduates are student parents Delayed Enrollment and Part-time Attendance among Student Parents vs. Non-Parent Students National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2002). Nontraditional Undergraduates.

10. Children Under Age 6 Living in Low-Income Families, 1997-2010 48 44.9 42.9 40.9 Basic Facts About Low-income Children, 2010: Children Under Age 6. National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University

11. Two-Generation Programs • Unifying form: Target parents and their children simultaneously • Variation in structure and content • Idea is not new

12. Two-Generation Programs: LCL and JBG Definition Simultaneouslyconnect and integrate high quality and intensive human capital investments Workforce Development Early Childhood Education

13. Two-Generation Programs 2.0 2.0 Programs • Child • Early childhood education • centers • Pre-K to 3rd grade • programs • Parent • AA and BA degrees • Certification • Job training • Child & Parent • Early childhood education centers • Pre-K to 3rd grade • programs • AA and BA degrees • Certification • Job training 1.0 Programs Chase-Lansdale, P.L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2014). Two-Generation Programs in the Twenty-First Century. Future of Children.

14. Research Hypothesis Two generation programs will have a greater impact on children than early childhood education alone

15. Two-Generation Programs: Research and Practice in 2014 • Empirical evidence lags behind practice and policy • Theoretical evidence is compelling

16. Why Would Two-Generation Programs Be Effective? • Continuity and Change Theory • Ecological Theory • Risk and Resilience Theory

17. Change Model Short-termoutcomes Two Generation Programs • Improved cognitive and social development • Higher attendance • Readiness for kindergarten • Early Childhood Centers • High-Quality Classrooms • Family Support Services Child • Motivation to pursue education and careers • Defined education and career goals • Higher rates of adult basic education • Higher rates of education and career training enrollment Parent • PSE/Workforce Development • Community Colleges • Job Training Programs • Employers Passage of time from parents’ initial enrollment: 0- 2 years

18. Change Model Mid-term outcomes • Higher motivation and engagement in school • Academic success in elementary school • Social competence Two Generation Programs • Early Childhood Centers • High-Quality Classrooms • Family Support Services Child • Higher rates of persistence in education and job training • Improved job training skills and career development • Higher rates of employment • Higher wage growth Parent • PSE/Workforce Development • Community Colleges • Job Training Programs • Employers Passage of time from parents’ initial enrollment: 2-5 years

19. Change Model Long-term outcomes • Increased high school graduation rates • Increased training and postsecondary education attainment • High expectations and positive future orientation Two Generation Programs • Early Childhood Centers • High-Quality Classrooms • Family Support Services Child • Stable career • Family supporting wage • Greater life stability • Better functioning family system Parent • PSE/Workforce Development • Community Colleges • Job Training Programs • Employers Passage of time from parents’ initial enrollment: 5+ years

20. Change Model Short, mid-, and long-term outcomes Two Generation Programs • Understanding of relationship between own education and that of child • Higher expectations for children and growing investment in their learning • Improved parenting practices • Increased physical and emotional • well being • Early Childhood Centers • High-Quality Classrooms • Family Support Services Child Parent • PSE/Workforce Development • Community Colleges • Job Training Programs • Employers Passage of time from parents’ initial enrollment: 0- 5+ years

21. When Mothers Increase Their Education,Children’s Learning Improves Dashed Lines reflect the time period during which mother's education increased Magnuson,K. (2007).

22. What’s New?Significant Advances in Programs and Research • Early Childhood Education • Short and long-term outcomes • Evidence on quality and scale-up

23. Feb 13, 2013 National Spotlight on Early Childhood Education Sep 19, 2013 Oct 16, 2013 Jan. 30, 2014 Nicholas Kristof May 29, 2013 Jan. 30, 2014 Gail Collins April 18, 2014 April 17, 2014

24. What’s New?Significant Advances in Programs and Research • Postsecondary Education • Expanded Availability • Contextualized GED Training • Role of Coaches, Peers Supports • Job Training • Workforce Intermediaries

25. National Spotlight on Post-Secondary Education

26. On the Ground Programs 2.0 • Adding adult programs to child programs • Adding child programs to adult programs • Adult and child programs merged within existing organizations or agencies • Adult and child programs in residential programs

27. Adding adult programs to child programs

28. Adding child programs to adult programs

29. Adult and child programs merged within existing organizations

30. Adult and child programs in residential programs

31. Two-Generation Programs 2.0: Considerations • Programs for fathers and mothers • Equivalent program quality and intensity for each generation • Increase integration of parent and child programming • Positive outcomes may take many years

32. Two-Generation Programs 2.0: Conclusions • Very early stages • Hold promise for advancing the human capital of low-income parents and children • Time is ripe for innovation, experimentation, and evaluation

33. Early Childhood Education and Child Outcomes Head Start Model Programs from 1960s and 1970s Prekindergarten programs Gormley et al., 2005; Lipsey et al.., 2013; Magnuson et al., 2007; Schweinhartet al., 2005; Ramey et al., 1979; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005; Wong et al., 2008

34. Model Programs from 1960s and 1970s Short and long term effects of Perry Preschool Schwinhart, 2003