Craig Roberts Physics Division

1. Confinement contains Condensates Rocio BERMUDEZ (U Michoácan); Chen CHEN (ANL, IIT, USTC); Xiomara GUTIERREZ-GUERRERO (U Michoácan); Trang NGUYEN (KSU); Si-xue QIN (PKU); Hannes ROBERTS (ANL, FZJ, UBerkeley); Chien-Yeah SENG (UW-Mad) Kun-lun WANG (PKU); Lei CHANG (ANL, FZJ, PKU); Huan CHEN (BIHEP); Ian CLOËT (UAdelaide); Bruno EL-BENNICH (São Paulo); Mario PITSCHMANN (ANL & UW-Mad) David WILSON (ANL); Adnan BASHIR (U Michoácan); Stan BRODSKY (SLAC); Gastão KREIN (São Paulo) Roy HOLT (ANL); Mikhail IVANOV (Dubna); Yu-xin LIU (PKU); Michael RAMSEY-MUSOLF (UW-Mad) Sebastian SCHMIDT (IAS-FZJ & JARA); Robert SHROCK (Stony Brook); Peter TANDY (KSU) Shaolong WAN (USTC) Published collaborations: 2010-present Craig Roberts Physics Division Students Early-career scientists

2. Wholly contained within hadrons Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates

3. Some Relevant References Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates arXiv:1202.2376,Phys. Rev. C85 (2012) 065202 Confinement contains condensates Stanley J. Brodsky, Craig D. Roberts, Robert Shrock, Peter C. Tandy arXiv:1109.2903 [nucl-th], Phys. Rev. C85 (2012) 012201(RapCom), Expanding the concept of in-hadron condensatesLei Chang, Craig D. Roberts and Peter C. Tandy arXiv:1005.4610 [nucl-th], Phys. Rev. C82 (2010) 022201(RapCom.) New perspectives on the quark condensate, Brodsky, Roberts, Shrock, Tandy arXiv:0905.1151 [hep-th], PNAS 108, 45 (2011) Condensates in Quantum Chromodynamics and the Cosmological Constant, Brodsky and Shrock, hep-th/0012253 The Quantum vacuum and the cosmological constant problem, Svend Erik Rugh and HenrikZinkernagel.

4. Confinement Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates

5. X Confinement Coloursinglets Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Gluon and Quark Confinement • No coloured states have yet been observed to reach a detector • Empirical fact. However • There is no agreed, theoretical definition of light-quark confinement • Static-quark confinement is irrelevant to real-world QCD • There are no long-lived, very-massive quarks • Confinement entails quark-hadron duality; i.e., that all observable consequences of QCD can, in principle, be computed using an hadronic basis.

6. G. Bali et al., PoS LAT2005 (2006) 308 Confinement “Note that the time is not a linear function of the distance but dilated within the string breaking region. On a linear time scale string breaking takes place rather rapidly. […] light pair creation seems to occur non-localized and instantaneously.” Bs anti-Bs Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Infinitely heavy-quarks plus 2 flavours with mass = ms • Lattice spacing = 0.083fm • String collapses within one lattice time-step R = 1.24 … 1.32 fm • Energy stored in string at collapse Ecsb = 2 ms • (mpg made via linear interpolation) • No flux tube between light-quarks

7. Confinement Confined particle Normal particle complex-P2 complex-P2 timelike axis: P2<0 • Real-axis mass-pole splits, moving into pair(s) of complex conjugate poles or branch points • Spectral density no longer positive semidefinite • & hence state cannot exist in observable spectrum Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Confinement is expressed through a dramatic change in the analytic structure of propagators for coloured particles & can almost be read from a plot of a states’ dressed-propagator • Gribov (1978); Munczek (1983); Stingl (1984); Cahill (1989); Roberts, Williams & Krein (1992); Tandy (1994); …

8. Dressed-gluon propagator A.C. Aguilar et al., Phys.Rev. D80 (2009) 085018 IR-massive but UV-massless, confined gluon perturbative, massless gluon massive , unconfined gluon Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Gluon propagator satisfies a Dyson-Schwinger Equation • Plausible possibilities for the solution • DSE and lattice-QCD agree on the result • Confined gluon • IR-massive but UV-massless • mG ≈ 2-4 ΛQCD

9. Qin et al., Phys. Rev. C 84 042202(R) (2011) Rainbow-ladder truncation DSE Studies – Phenomenology of gluon • Running gluon mass • Gluon is massless in ultraviolet in agreement with pQCD • Massive in infrared • mG(0) = 0.67-0.81 GeV • mG(mG2) = 0.53-0.64 GeV Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Wide-ranging study of π & ρ properties • Effective coupling • Agrees with pQCDin ultraviolet • Saturates in infrared • α(0)/π = 8-15 • α(mG2)/π = 2-4

10. Dynamical ChiralSymmetry Breaking Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates

11. Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Strong-interaction: QCD • Confinement • Empirical feature • Modern theory and lattice-QCD support conjecture • that light-quark confinement is a fact • associated with violation of reflection positivity; i.e., novel analytic structure for propagators and vertices • Still circumstantial, no proof yet of confinement • On the other hand,DCSB is a fact in QCD • It is the most important mass generating mechanism for visible matter in the Universe. Responsible for approximately 98% of the proton’s mass. Higgs mechanism is (almost) irrelevant to light-quarks.

12. Frontiers of Nuclear Science:Theoretical Advances C.D. Roberts, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 61 (2008) 50 M. Bhagwat & P.C. Tandy, AIP Conf.Proc. 842 (2006) 225-227 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates In QCD a quark's effective mass depends on its momentum. The function describing this can be calculated and is depicted here. Numerical simulations of lattice QCD (data, at two different bare masses) have confirmed model predictions (solid curves) that the vast bulk of the constituent mass of a light quark comes from a cloud of gluons that are dragged along by the quark as it propagates. In this way, a quark that appears to be absolutely massless at high energies (m =0, red curve) acquires a large constituent mass at low energies.

13. Frontiers of Nuclear Science:Theoretical Advances Mass from nothing! DSE prediction of DCSB confirmed Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates In QCD a quark's effective mass depends on its momentum. The function describing this can be calculated and is depicted here. Numerical simulations of lattice QCD (data, at two different bare masses) have confirmed model predictions (solid curves) that the vast bulk of the constituent mass of a light quark comes from a cloud of gluons that are dragged along by the quark as it propagates. In this way, a quark that appears to be absolutely massless at high energies (m =0, red curve) acquires a large constituent mass at low energies.

14. 12GeVThe Future of JLab Jlab 12GeV: Scanned by 2<Q2<9 GeV2 elastic & transition form factors. Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates Numerical simulations of lattice QCD (data, at two different bare masses) have confirmed model predictions (solid curves) that the vast bulk of the constituent mass of a light quark comes from a cloud of gluons that are dragged along by the quark as it propagates. In this way, a quark that appears to be absolutely massless at high energies (m =0, red curve) acquires a large constituent mass at low energies.

15. Gluon & quark mass-scales Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates mg(0) and M(0) – dynamically generated mass scales for gluons and quarks – are insensitive to changes in the current-quark mass in the neighbourhood of the physical value

16. Persistent Challenge Truncation Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates

17. Persistent challenge in application of DSEs Invaluable check on practical truncation schemes Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Infinitely many coupled equations: Kernel of the equation for the quark self-energy involves: • Dμν(k) – dressed-gluon propagator • Γν(q,p) – dressed-quark-gluon vertex each of which satisfies its own DSE, etc… • Coupling between equations necessitates a truncation • Weak coupling expansion ⇒ produces every diagram in perturbation theory • Otherwise useless for the nonperturbative problems in which we’re interested

18. Relationship must be preserved by any truncation Highly nontrivial constraint FAILURE has an extremely high cost – loss of any connection with QCD Persistent challenge- truncation scheme Quark propagator satisfies a gap equation Axial-Vector vertex Satisfies an inhomogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation Kernels of these equations are completely different But they must be intimately related Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Symmetries associated with conservation of vector and axial-vector currents are critical in arriving at a veracious understanding of hadron structure and interactions • Example: axial-vector Ward-Takahashi identity • Statement of chiral symmetry and the pattern by which it’s broken in quantum field theory

19. Persistent challenge- truncation scheme quark-antiquark scattering kernel Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates These observations show that symmetries relate the kernel of the gap equation – nominally a one-body problem, with that of the Bethe-Salpeter equation – considered to be a two-body problem Until 1995/1996 people had no idea what to do Equations were truncated, sometimes with good phenomenological results, sometimes with poor results Neither good nor bad could be explained

20. Persistent challenge- truncation scheme Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Happily, that has changed and there are now two nonperturbative & symmetry preserving truncation schemes • 1995 – H.J. Munczek, Phys. Rev. D 52 (1995) 4736,Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, Goldstone’s theorem and the consistency of the Schwinger-Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter Equations 1996 – A. Bender, C.D. Roberts and L. von Smekal, Phys.Lett. B 380 (1996) 7, Goldstone Theorem and Diquark Confinement Beyond Rainbow Ladder Approximation • 2009 – Lei Chang and C.D. Roberts, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (2009) 081601, 0903.5461 [nucl-th], Sketching the Bethe-Salpeter kernel • Enables proof of numerous exact results

21. Dichotomy of the pion Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • How does one make an almost massless particle from two massive constituent-quarks? • Naturally, one could always tune a potential in quantum mechanics so that the ground-state is massless – but some are still making this mistake • However: current-algebra (1968) • This is impossible in quantum mechanics, for which one always finds:

22. Dichotomy of the pionGoldstone mode and bound-state HIGHLY NONTRIVIAL Impossible in quantum mechanics Only possible in asymptotically-free gauge theories Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • The correct understanding of pion observables; e.g. mass, decay constant and form factors, requires an approach to contain a • well-defined and validchiral limit; • and an accurate realisation of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking.

23. Some of many Exact Results Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates

24. Maris, Roberts and Tandy nucl-th/9707003, Phys.Lett. B420 (1998) 267-273  Pion’s Goldberger-Treiman relation Pseudovector components necessarily nonzero. Cannot be ignored! Miracle: two body problem solved, almost completely, once solution of one body problem is known Exact in Chiral QCD Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Pion’s Bethe-Salpeter amplitude Solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation • Dressed-quark propagator • Axial-vector Ward-Takahashi identity entails

25. Dichotomy of the pionGoldstone mode and bound-state fπ Eπ(p2) = B(p2) Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Goldstone’s theorem has a pointwise expression in QCD; Namely, in the chiral limit the wave-function for the two-body bound-state Goldstone mode is intimately connected with, and almost completely specified by, the fully-dressed one-body propagator of its characteristic constituent • The one-body momentum is equated with the relative momentum of the two-body system

26. Maris, Roberts and Tandy nucl-th/9707003, Phys.Lett. B420 (1998) 267-273  Dichotomy of the pionMass Formula for 0— Mesons Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates Mass-squared of the pseudscalarhadron Sum of the current-quark masses of the constituents; e.g., pion = muς + mdς, where “ς” is the renormalisation point

27. Maris, Roberts and Tandy nucl-th/9707003, Phys.Lett. B420 (1998) 267-273  Dichotomy of the pionMass Formula for 0— Mesons Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Pseudovector projection of the Bethe-Salpeter wave function onto the origin in configuration space • Namely, the pseudoscalar meson’s leptonic decay constant, which is the strong interaction contribution to the strength of the meson’s weak interaction

28. Maris, Roberts and Tandy nucl-th/9707003, Phys.Lett. B420 (1998) 267-273  Dichotomy of the pionMass Formula for 0— Mesons Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Pseudoscalar projection of the Bethe-Salpeter wave function onto the origin in configuration space • Namely, a pseudoscalar analogue of the meson’s leptonic decay constant

29. Maris, Roberts and Tandy nucl-th/9707003, Phys.Lett. B420 (1998) 267-273  Dichotomy of the pionMass Formula for 0— Mesons The so-called “vacuum quark condensate.” More later about this. Gell-Mann, Oakes, Renner relation 1968 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Consider the case of light quarks; namely, mq ≈ 0 • If chiral symmetry is dynamically broken, then • fH5 → fH50 ≠ 0 • ρH5 → – < q-bar q> / fH50 ≠ 0 both of which are independent of mq • Hence, one arrives at the corollary

30. Maris, Roberts and Tandy nucl-th/9707003, Phys.Lett. B420 (1998) 267-273  Dichotomy of the pionMass Formula for 0— Mesons Provides QCD proof of potential model result Ivanov, Kalinovsky, Roberts Phys. Rev. D 60, 034018 (1999) [17 pages] Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Consider a different case; namely, one quark mass fixed and the other becoming very large, so that mq /mQ<< 1 • Then • fH5∝ 1/√mH5 • ρH5∝ √mH5 and one arrives at mH5∝ mQ

31. Dynamical Chiral Symmetry BreakingVacuum Condensates? Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates

32. Maris, Roberts and Tandy nucl-th/9707003, Phys.Lett. B420 (1998) 267-273  Dichotomy of the pionMass Formula for 0— Mesons We now have sufficient information to address the question of just what is this so-called “vacuum quark condensate.” The so-called “vacuum quark condensate.” More later about this. Gell-Mann, Oakes, Renner relation 1968 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Consider the case of light quarks; namely, mq ≈ 0 • If chiral symmetry is dynamically broken, then • fH5 → fH50 ≠ 0 • ρH5 → – < q-bar q> / fH50 ≠ 0 both of which are independent of mq • Hence, one arrives at the corollary

33. Spontaneous(Dynamical)Chiral Symmetry Breaking Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates The 2008Nobel Prize in Physics was divided, one half awarded to YoichiroNambu "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"

34. Nambu – Jona-LasinioModel Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity. I Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys. Rev. 122 (1961) 345–358 Dynamical Model Of Elementary Particles Based On An Analogy With Superconductivity. II Y. Nambu, G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys.Rev. 124 (1961) 246-254 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Treats a chirally-invariant four-fermionLagrangian & solves the gap equation in Hartree-Fock approximation (analogous to rainbow truncation) • Possibility of dynamical generation of nucleon mass is elucidated • Essentially inequivalent vacuum states are identified (Wigner and Nambu states) & demonstration that there are infinitely many, degenerate but distinct Nambuvacua, related by a chiral rotation • Nontrivial Vacuum is “Born”

35. Gell-Mann – Oakes – RennerRelation Behavior of current divergences under SU(3) x SU(3). Murray Gell-Mann, R.J. Oakes , B. Renner Phys.Rev. 175 (1968) 2195-2199 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • This paper derives a relation between mπ2 and the expectation-value < π|u0|π>, where uois an operator that is linear in the putative Hamiltonian’s explicit chiral-symmetry breaking term • NB. QCD’s current-quarks were not yet invented, so u0 was not expressed in terms of current-quark fields • PCAC-hypothesis (partial conservation of axial current) is used in the derivation • Subsequently, the concepts of soft-pion theory • Operator expectation values do not change as t=mπ2→ t=0 to take < π|u0|π> → < 0|u0|0> … in-pion → in-vacuum

36. Gell-Mann – Oakes – RennerRelation Behavior of current divergences under SU(3) x SU(3). Murray Gell-Mann, R.J. Oakes , B. Renner Phys.Rev. 175 (1968) 2195-2199 Zhou Guangzhao周光召 Born 1929 Changsha, Hunan province Commutator is chiral rotation Therefore, isolates explicit chiral-symmetry breaking term in the putative Hamiltonian Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • PCAC hypothesis; viz., pion field dominates the divergence of the axial-vector current • Soft-pion theorem • In QCD, this is and one therefore has

37. Gell-Mann – Oakes – RennerRelation - (0.25GeV)3 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Theoretical physics at its best. • But no one is thinking about how properly to consider or define what will come to be called the vacuum quark condensate • So long as the condensate is just a mass-dimensioned constant, which approximates another well-defined matrix element, there is no problem. • Problem arises if one over-interprets this number, which textbooks have been doing for a VERY LONG TIME.

38. Note of Warning Chiral Magnetism (or Magnetohadrochironics) A. Casher and L. Susskind, Phys. Rev. D9 (1974) 436 • These authors argue • thatdynamical chiral- • symmetry breaking • can be realised as a • property of hadrons, • instead of via a • nontrivial vacuum exterior to the measurable degrees of freedom The essential ingredient required for a spontaneous symmetry breakdown in a composite system is the existence of a divergent number of constituents – DIS provided evidence for divergent sea of low-momentum partons – parton model. Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates

39. QCD Sum Rules QCD and Resonance Physics. Sum Rules. M.A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein, and V.I. Zakharov Nucl.Phys. B147 (1979) 385-447; citations: 3713 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Introduction of the gluon vacuum condensate and development of “sum rules” relating properties of low-lying hadronic states to vacuum condensates

40. QCD Sum Rules QCD and Resonance Physics. Sum Rules. M.A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein, and V.I. Zakharov Nucl.Phys. B147 (1979) 385-447; citations: 3781 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Introduction of the gluon vacuum condensate and development of “sum rules” relating properties of low-lying hadronic states to vacuum condensates • At this point (1979), the cat was out of the bag: a physical reality was seriously attributed to a plethora of vacuum condensates

41. “quark condensate”1960-1980 7330+ references to this phrase since 1980 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Instantons in non-perturbative QCD vacuum, MA Shifman, AI Vainshtein… - Nuclear Physics B, 1980 • Instanton density in a theory with massless quarks, MA Shifman, AI Vainshtein… - Nuclear Physics B, 1980 • Exotic new quarks and dynamical symmetry breaking, WJ Marciano - Physical Review D, 1980 • The pion in QCD J Finger, JE Mandula… - Physics Letters B, 1980 No references to this phrase before 1980

42. Universal Conventions Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Wikipedia: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD_vacuum) “The QCD vacuum is the vacuum state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is an example of a non-perturbative vacuum state, characterized by many non-vanishing condensates such as the gluon condensate or the quark condensate. These condensates characterize the normal phase or the confined phase of quark matter.”

43. “Orthodox Vacuum” u d u u d u u u d Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates Vacuum = “frothing sea” Hadrons = bubbles in that “sea”, containing nothing but quarks & gluons interacting perturbatively, unless they’re near the bubble’s boundary, whereat they feel they’re trapped!

44. Background Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates Worth noting that nonzero vacuum expectation values of local operators in QCD—the so-called vacuum condensates—are phenomenological parameters, which were introduced at a time of limited computational resources in order to assist with the theoretical estimation of essentially nonperturbative strong-interaction matrix elements. A universality of these condensates was assumed, namely, that the properties of all hadrons could be expanded in terms of the same condensates. While this helps to retard proliferation, there are nevertheless infinitely many of them. As qualities associated with an unmeasurable state (the vacuum), such condensates do not admit direct measurement. Practitioners have attempted to assign values to them via an internally consistent treatment of many separate empirical observables. However, only one, the so-called quark condensate, is attributed a value with any confidence.

45. QCD 1973-1974 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • How should one approach this problem, understand it, within Quantum ChromoDynamics? • Are the quark and gluon “condensates” theoretically well-defined? • Is there a physical meaning to this quantity or is it merely just a mass-dimensioned parameter in a theoretical computation procedure?

46. QCD 1973-1974 Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates Why does it matter?

47. “Dark Energy” Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • Two pieces of evidence for an accelerating universe • Observations of type Ia supernovae →the rate of expansion of the Universe is growing • Measurements of the composition of the Universe point to a missing energy component with negative pressure: CMB anisotropy measurements indicate that the Universe is at Ω0 = 1 ⁺⁄₋ 0.04. In a flat Universe, the matter density and energy density must sum to the critical density. However, matter only contributes about ⅓ of the critical density, ΩM = 0.33 ⁺⁄₋ 0.04. Thus, ⅔of the critical density is missing.

48. “Dark Energy” • In order to have escaped detection, • the missing energy must be smoothly • distributed. • Contemporary cosmological observations mean: Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • In order not to interfere with the formation of structure (by inhibiting the growth of density perturbations) the energy density in this component must change more slowly than matter (so that it was subdominant in the past). • Accelerated expansion can be accommodated in General Relativity through the Cosmological Constant, Λ. • Einstein introduced the repulsive effect of the cosmological constant in order to balance the attractive gravity of matter so that a static universe was possible. He promptly discarded it after the discovery of the expansion of the Universe.

49. “Dark Energy” “The advent of quantum field theory made consideration of the cosmological constant obligatory not optional.” Michael Turner, “Dark Energy and the New Cosmology” Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • The only possible covariant form for the energy of the (quantum) vacuum; viz., is mathematically equivalent to the cosmological constant. “It is a perfect fluid and precisely spatially uniform” “Vacuum energy is almost the perfect candidate for dark energy.”

50. “Dark Energy” Enormous and even greater contribution from Higgs VEV! Mass-scale generated by spacetime-independent condensate “The biggest embarrassment in theoretical physics.” Craig Roberts: Confinement contains Condensates • QCD vacuum contribution • If chiral symmetry breaking is expressed in a nonzero expectation value of the quark bilinear, then the energy difference between the symmetric and broken phases is of order MQCD≈0.3GeV • One obtains therefrom: