Greek Theatre

1. Greek Theatre Overview of Theater Greek Gods Antigone—by Sophocles and (Medea—by Euripides)

2. Overview of Greek Theatre • The myths • The land • The stage

3. The Land • Greece has thousands of inhabited islands and dramatic mountain ranges • Greece has a rich culture and history • Democracy was founded in Greece • Patriarchal (male dominated) society • Philosophy, as a practice, began in Greece (Socrates (Socratic discussions!), Plato, Aristotle)

4. The Land Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea

5. The Land

6. Overview of Greek Theatre • The land • The myths • The stage

7. The Stage

8. The Stage Three Main Portions of Greek Theatre: Skene – Portion of stage where actors performed (included 1-3 doors in and out) Orchestra – “Dancing Place” where chorus sang to the audience Theatron – “seeing place” Seating for audience

9. Other parts of the theater: • Parados=“Passageway” (plural is paradoi) • Eisodos=long ramps • Skene=“Tent”/“booth” in English—3 doors for entrances • Paraskenium/Proscenium--stage in front of curtain, with projecting sides • Altar (Thymele)—place for offering to Dionysus • Logeion-a platform above the proskeneum • Thelogeion—roof above logeion wher the gods and the mechane (deus ex. Machina) sat.

10. Further parts… • The mechane (machina) was a crane mounted on the roof of the skene to lower the gods into the action of the play. • “Deus ex machina”—god out of the machine.—surprise or god-like entrance.

11. Seating capacity • 78 rows of the Theatre of Dionysus would seat between 15,000 and 16,000 people, approximately 1/3 of the population of Athens. • In contrast, a large Broadway theatre, designed primarily for musicals, seats about 1,200.

12. The Stage

13. The Stage • First Greek plays were performed during religious ceremonies held in honor of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine and revelry (altars generally on stage) • Banks would shut down for days, people would travel from all around to see the drama competitions—even prisoners were temporarily released to see the plays • Tragedy translated means “goat song” (relates to Dionysian rituals)

14. The Stage

15. Where and how were the dramas performed? …In an amphitheatre, open-air. …With a chorus who described most of the action. …With masks, all male casts …With all the fighting and movement going on off stage.….With tragedy first, then comedy later.

16. Three Major Greek Dramatists

17. What is Sophocles’ contribution to the art of playwriting? • He added the third actor to the stage—allowing for more complex stories.

18. Sophocles’ Antigone • Set in Thebes (a city in ancient Greece) • Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta • Antigone’s father, Oedipus, murders his father and marries his mother…(as seen in Oedipus Rex) • Antigone’s brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, took opposite sides in a war • Eteocles and Polyneices killed each other in battle • Antigone’s uncle, Creon, became king of Thebes

19. Copy Only The Boxed Portion!

20. Perfect Tragedies… • Unity of Time: The play takes place in a 24 hr. time period. • Unity of Place: The play has a simple, one setting • Unity of Action: The play has one plot and no mix of tragedy and comedy.

21. TRAGEDY and Tragic HERO • Morally instructive and entertaining • Stories of the nature of humans in conflict with themselves, with society, and with the Gods. • Develop the tragic hero=a high born person who displays hubris (too much pride/arrogance in the face of the gods) shown through hamartia (tragic flaw, or an error in judgment) that leads to their downfall/suffering. • Once realized, character enters the stage of anagnorisis (recognition) and will undergo a peripeteia (reversal of fortune or fall from high to low). • Eventually, this leads the audience to a catharsis, or feeling of emotional cleansing, pity, fear, or relief that we do not face the same outcome.

22. Tragedy: • Reaffirms that life is worth living, regardless of suffering or the pain of human existence • Tragedies are about spiritual conflicts, never about everyday events. • Tragic protagonist goes from high to low—and have a noble soul. The audience must care about the protagonist. • The protagonist is good, not perfect.

23. TRAGIC ACTION ARETE, ARISTEIA: excellence HUBRIS: arrogance HAMARTIA: fatal mistake PERIPETEIA: reversal of fortune ANAGNORISIS: understanding CATHARSIS

24. 5 sections of Greek Tragedy: • The Prologue—opening portion of the play, sets the scene and contains the exposition. • The Parados—The entrance song of the chorus. Named after the broad aisles on either side of the theatron, along which the chorus entered/exited.

25. Continued… • The Episodes (Scenes): Scene in the action of the drama. Episodes, performed by actors, are distinguished from the Stasimons, performed by the Chorus. The episodes alternate with the Stasimons. • The Stasimons (Odes)—a choral passage alternating with the episodes of the plot of the drama. A type of lyric poem, using exalted, dignified diction. The chorus sang and danced the tragic odes accompanied by musical instruments.

26. SECTIONS CONTINUED: • The tragic ode consists of both Strophes and Antistrophes—essentially stanzas of the poems. • Exodos: The concluding section, contains the resolution, tragedy, and outcome.

27. The land Overview of Greek Theatre • The myths • The stage

28. Myths played a key rolein Greek drama

29. The Myths – Why they were written • Explained the unexplainable • Justified religious practices • Gave credibility to leaders • Gave hope • Polytheistic (more than one god) • Centered around the twelve Olympians (primary Greek gods)

30. When Echo tried to get Narcissus to love her, she was denied. Saddened, she shriveled to nothing, her existence melting into a rock. Only her voice remained. Hence, the echo! Explained the Unexplainable

31. Dionysian cults in ancient Greece were founded to worship Dionysus, god of grapes, vegetation, and wine. To justify religious practices

32. The Romans used myths to create family trees for their leaders, enforcing the made-up idea that the emperors were related to the gods and were, then, demigods. To give credibility to leaders

33. The ancient citizens of Greece would sacrifice and pray to an ORACLE. An oracle was a priest or priestess who would send a message to the gods from mortals who brought their requests. To give hope Where DID hope come from? After unleashing suffering, famine, disease, and many other evils, the last thing Pandora let out was HOPE.

34. The Oracle at Delphi Most famous oracle in Greek mythology.

35. Mount Olympus… …Where the Olympians lived. Who are the Olympians?

36. The Olympians Are the 12 Main Gods

37. King of gods Heaven Storms Thunder lightning Zeus

38. Poseidon • Zeus’s brother • King of the sea • Earthquakes • Horses

39. Hades • Brother to Zeus and Poseidon • King of the Underworld (Tartarus) • Husband of Persphone

40. Ares • God of war

41. Hephaestus • God of fire • Craftspeople • Metalworkers • Artisans

42. Apollo • God of the sun • Music • Poetry • Fine arts • Medicine

43. Messenger to the gods Trade Commerce Travelers Thieves & scoundrels Hermes

44. Dionysus • God of Wine • Partying (Revelry)

45. Hera • Queen of gods • Women • Marriage • Childbirth

46. Demeter • Goddess of Harvest • Agriculture • Fertility • Fruitfulness • Mom to Persephone

47. Hestia • Goddess of Hearth • Home • Community

48. Athena • Goddess of wisdom • Practical arts • War

49. Aphrodite • Goddess of love and beauty

50. Artemis • Goddess of hunting and the moon.