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CHAPTER 16

CHAPTER 16. WORLD WAR I & ITS AFTERMATH (1914 - 1920). 16.1 – ROOTS OF THE WAR. Emergence of Germany in the late 1800s 1871 – Prussia proclaimed the birth of the German Empire Germany defeated France and forced it to give up land - Alsace-Lorraine

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CHAPTER 16

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  1. CHAPTER 16 WORLD WAR I & ITS AFTERMATH (1914 - 1920)

  2. 16.1 – ROOTS OF THE WAR • Emergence of Germany in the late 1800s • 1871 – Prussia proclaimed the birth of the German Empire • Germany defeated France and forced it to give up land - Alsace-Lorraine • Alliances were signed as nations sought to protect themselves - Ex. Germany/Austria Hungary and Russia/France

  3. 16.1 – ROOTS OF THE WAR cont. • Emergence of militarism – aggressive build up of armed forces to intimidate and threaten other nations(domino effect) • Arms race between Germany and GB by the early 1900s • Emergence of nationalism – intense pride in one’s homeland - leads to strong sense of self-determination (right to have your own gov’t)

  4. 16.1 – ROOTS OF THE WAR cont. • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand • June, 1914 – heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire killed by Serbian nationalists • This triggers the alliances to take effect (Austria-Hungary asked Germany to back it up if it attacked Serbia, Serbia looked to Russia for help…..) • July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia • August 1 – Germany declared war on Russia • August 2 – Germany declared war on France +++ WWI had begun

  5. 16.1 – THE COMBATANTS CENTRAL POWERS ALLIED POWERS France Great Britain Russia Italy (joins in 1915) • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Bulgaria • Ottoman Empire

  6. 16.2 – THE HOMEFRONT • When the U.S. entered the war in April of 1917 Progressives were running the gov’t • Ps applied ideas of planning and scientific management to organize the war effort

  7. 16.2 – WARTIME AGENCIES • War Industries Board (WIB) • Coordinated the production of wartime materials • Determined what was to be made, gave out resources, ordered building of new factories… Bernard Baruch

  8. 16.2 – WARTIME AGENCIES • FOOD ADMINISTRATION • Responsible for increasing food production and decreasing civilian consumption • Encouraged people to grow “victory gardens”, Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays… Herbert Hoover

  9. 16.2 – WARTIME AGENCIES • FUEL ADMINISTRATION • Managed use of coal and oil • Shortened work week for some factories, introduced daylight savings time, Heatless Mondays Harry Garfield

  10. 16.2 – WARTIME AGENCIES • NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD (NWLB) • Sought to prevent strikes by mediating labor disputes • Encouraged businesses to increase wages, improve working conditions, adopt 8 hour work day, allow unions to organize…. • In return labor leaders agreed to avoid disrupting production (union membership increased greatly from 1917-1919) Taft

  11. 16.2 – PAYING FOR THE WAR • U.S. spent about $32 billion by war’s end • To fund: • Raised income tax rates • Imposed new taxes • Borrowed money through the sale of Liberty and Victory Bonds

  12. 16.2 – BUILDING THE MILITARY • Selective Service Act of 1917 • All men 21-30 registered for the draft • Lotteries determined order in which they were called • About 2.8 million were drafted

  13. 16.2 – BUILDING THE MILITARY • Volunteers • About 2 million volunteered • Why? • Despised Germany • Duty to their nation (calling) c. Fight for democracy d. Great adventure

  14. 16.2 – BUILDING THE MILITARY • African Americans • 42,000 served as troops overseas • Faced discrimination • Segregated units • Fought with distinction • Hypocritical treatment?

  15. 16.2 – BUILDING THE MILITARY We must not eat with them, must not shake hands with them, seek to talk to them or to meet with them outside the requirements of military service. We must not commend too highly these troops, especially in front of white Americans” —General John J. Pershing, in a secret communiqué concerning African-American troops sent to the French military stationed “I cannot commend too highly the spirit shown among the colored combat troops, who exhibit fine capacity for quick training and eagerness for the most dangerous work.” —General - John J. Pershing

  16. 16.2 – BUILDING THE MILITARY • Women • First war in which woman formally servedin the armed forces • Noncombatant positions • Met clerical needs • Army Nursing Corps – 20,000 • Electricians, pharmacists, chemists, photographers…

  17. 16.3 – A BLOODY CONFLICT • New technology and strategies led to massive casualties • First “modern” war

  18. 16.3 – TRENCH WARFARE • Dug trenches to protect themselves from artillery • Machine gun was used to ward off attacking soldiers • No-Man’s Land – space between; obstacles to prevent crossing • Results of TW were horrific, massive casualties on both sides

  19. 16.3 – NEW TECHNOLOGY • Soldiers needed new technology/weapons to break through the lines • New weapons led to brutal warfare and more casualties • New weapons/technologies included: • Gas, gas masks, armored tank, airplanes, machine guns

  20. 16.3 – CASUALTIES

  21. 16.3 – AMERICA ARRIVES • American troops were nicknamed “doughboys” • Entry signaled a longer, drawn out war to the Germans John Pershing

  22. 16.3 – AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR • America used convoys to get ships across the Atlantic • Greatly reduced the loss of ships and lives

  23. 16.3 – AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR • American Expeditionary Force (AEF) arrived in Paris on July 4, 1917 • Refused to be integrated and fight under British and/or French command • 93rd Infantry – first to enter combat (African Americans)

  24. 16.3 – RUSSIA LEAVES THE WAR • March of 1917 – Tsar Nicholas II abdicated his throne • Beginning of the Russian Revolution • Bolshevik party eventually gained control, established a communist gov’t • Led by Vladimir Lenin • Lenin pulled Russia out of the war • Effect for Germany?

  25. 16.3 – END OF THE WAR • By November of 1918 the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires surrendered • Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia declared independence in October • Nov. 11, 1918 – Germany signed an armistice, fighting ended

  26. 16.3 – END OF THE WAR • 14 Points – Wilson’s plan for peace • Focused on eliminating causes for future warand supported self-determination • Called for the creation of the League of Nations (see page 571) • Wilson was popular with many in Europe, but Allied leaders were not in full agreement with his plan

  27. 16.3 – TREATY OF VERSAILLES (p.571) • Signed on June 28, 1919(Big 4 – U.S., France, GB, Italy; why no Russia?) • Germany military was reduced • No German troops west of the Rhine River • Blamed Germany for the cause of the war • Germany paid reparations • Some German land returned to other nations (ex. France, Belgium)

  28. 16.3 – END OF THE WAR WHAT WILSON GOT WHAT HE DIDN’T Did not address freedom of the seas or free trade No independence for colonies in Africa and Asia Freedom of the seas (which European country was REALLY opposed to this and why?) • Self-determination in Europe • Creation of the League of Nations DID THE HARSH APSECTS OF THE TREATY SET THE STAGE FOR A FUTURE WAR?

  29. 16.3 – END OF THE WAR END OF EMPIRES NEW COUNTRIES Austria Czechoslovakia Estonia Finland Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Yugoslavia • Russian • German • Ottoman • Austro-Hungarian

  30. 16.4– THE WAR’S IMPACT • Soldiers returned home to parades and celebrations, but they needed jobs • People raced to buy rationed goods, led to increases in inflation and the cost of living • Economy slowed as wartime production of goods decreased • Wages were increased during the war, companies resisted that after the war • Unions had increased in power during the war, this scared business leaders

  31. 16.4 – STRIKES • Seattle General Strike (1919) • General strike??? • Involved more than 60,000 workers • Demanded higher wages, shorter hours • Union didn’t get them, but it scared business leaders around the country

  32. 16.4 – STRIKES • Boston Police Strike(1919) • 75% of police walked off the job • Calvin Coolidge (gov.) had to call in the National Guard to deal with riots • Police Commissioner fired the strikers and hired a new police force • Coolidge supported the Commissioner (why?); helped him become Rep. presidential candidate in 1920

  33. 16.4 – STRIKES • Steel Strike (1919) • 350,000 steel workers sent on strike • U.S. steel blamed the strike on foreign, immigrant radicals • Replaced strikers w/ African Americans and Mexicans • Riots broke out, in some cases leading to deaths • Strike collapsed, unsuccessful

  34. 16.4 – RACIAL UNREST • Some blamed African Americans for their own inability to find work • 25 race riots in the summer of 1919 • Chicago- Nat’l guard brought in, riots killed 38, over 500 injured • NAACP gained many new members; created momentum for equality, federal laws against things like lynching….

  35. 16.4 – RED SCARE • By 1919 there was a growing concern about the spread of communism: • Communist takeover of Russia • Separate peace treaty with Germany • Immigration • Increase in strikes; are the “reds” responsible?; trying to start a revolution in the U.S.? • Creation of the Communist International

  36. 16.4 – PALMER RAIDS • Several bomb explosions in 1919 within minutes of each other, one at A. Mitchell Palmer’s house • U.S. Attorney General • Mitchell created an agency, led by J. Edgar Hoover, to pursue communists responsible for the explosions • Raids were carried out against suspected communists • Deportations, arrests, new laws passed • Violations of civil rights? (searches without warrants, indefinite jailings…) A. Mitchell Palmer

  37. 16.4 – ELECTION OF 1920 DEMOCRATS REPUBLICANS P – Warren Harding VP – Calvin Coolidge “Return to normalcy”- simpler days prior to the Progressive Movement Won in a landslide People wanted an end to labor unrest, violence, economic problems, racial tension…..thought Harding could provide these things • P – James M. Cox • VP – Franklin Roosevelt • Ignored Wilson’s advice to focus on the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations

  38. Warren G. Harding

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