The Civil War

1. The Civil War

2. Please have the Johnny Reb, Billy Yank article and your chart out on your desk.

3. Two Sides Union/North/blue Confederacy/south/gray • Capital: Washington D.C. • President: Abraham Lincoln • Significant Generals: • George McClellan • Ulysses S. Grant • William T. Sherman • Capital: Richmond, VA • President: Jefferson Davis • Significant Generals: • Robert E. Lee • Stonewall Jackson

4. Army Size Union Confederacy • 959,640 troops by end of war • Yankees • 445,203 troops by end of war • Rebels

6. Border States • All have strategic locations • Missouri controls part of MS River • Kentucky controlled Ohio River • Maryland surrounds D.C.

7. Lincoln’s Controversial Move • Worried about Maryland • Arrested those who supported secession • Suspends Habeas Corpus • Being told what you are accused of. • 1862 – suspends nationwide • "The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” – Article I, Section 9

8. What other limitations on liberties occurred during the war? • Proclaimed a blockade without the approval of Congress. • Increased size of Federal army (only Congress can do this). • Directed Secretary of Treasury to advance $2 million to three private citizens for military purposes • “Supervised” voting in border states – intimidation • Suspension of certain newspapers, arrested editors

9. Suspension of Wartime Liberties • How does Lincoln defend himself? • Congress generally accepted or confirmed what he was doing. • A man suffering from “temporary illness” will not keep taking medicine for the remainder of his healthy life.

10. The Draft… • North: volunteers at first, with each state having a quota to meet. • 1863 – federal conscription law (first time ever on a national scale). • South: volunteers (all ages), then draft in 1862 • “Rich Man’s War, Poor Man’s Fight” – why? • Hire a substitute • Purchase exemption for $300 • South – for every 20 slaves, one white exemption

11. Draft Riots • New York – Democratic stronghold – 1863 • Started by poor, anti-black Irish-Americans • Initial targets: government buildings • Mob violence grows and attacks black people and anything associated with them (including an orphanage) • Estimated 24-100 killed • Over $1.5 million in property damage

15. Paying for the War - North • Increase excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol. • Income tax – first time in nation’s history. • Morrill Tariff Act • Increased duties 5-10% • Tariff rates increased as the war went on. • Issued “greenbacks” – paper money • Around $450 million at face value • Value determined by nation’s credit • Slow inflation – money decreased in value. • Borrowing • Sale of bonds

16. Paying for War - North • National Banking System • Stimulate sale of government bonds • Establish a standard bank-note currency • Banks that joined could buy gov’t bonds and issue sound paper money backed by them. • First significant step toward unified banking network since 1836 when 2nd BUS was killed by AJ • Will be replaced by Federal Reserve in 1913.

17. Paying for War - South • Blockade • Confederate bonds sold abroad and at home • Increase in taxes • 10% tax on farm produce • States’ righters generally opposed to heavy direct taxation • So….printing of blue-backed paper money • Runaway inflation • 9,000% inflation rate

18. In what ways was federal power expanded during the Civil War?

19. Economic Effects - North • General prosperity • New factories (protective tariff) • Millionaire class • Speculation and graft • Sewing machine • Standardized sizes • Surplus of grain • Mechanical reaper • Dethroning of King Cotton • Discovery of petroleum oil • Industry that did suffer - shipping

20. Economic Effects - South • Suffocation from blockade • 30% of wealth  12% of wealth • Destruction by union army • Transportation collapsed • ½ of livestock killed • 1/3 farm machinery destroyed • Many refugees (white and black) • Ultimately, cotton was not king