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Class 16: History of 17 th C

Class 16: History of 17 th C. Ann T. Orlando 22 February 2006. Outline. Where things stand politically c. 1600 Unfinished business: the Thirty Year’s War New Political Models Gallicanism. Spanish Empire c. 1600. Philip II (son of Charles V) died 1598 after ruling 40 years

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Class 16: History of 17 th C

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  1. Class 16: History of 17th C Ann T. Orlando 22 February 2006

  2. Outline • Where things stand politically c. 1600 • Unfinished business: the Thirty Year’s War • New Political Models • Gallicanism

  3. Spanish Empire c. 1600 • Philip II (son of Charles V) died 1598 after ruling 40 years • Philip III (son of Philip II, r. 1598-1621) • Puts down revolt against Spanish rule in Netherlands • Beginning of Thirty Year’s War • Philip IV (son of Philip III, r. 1621-1665) • End of Thirty Years War • Charles II (son of Philip IV, r. 1665-1700)

  4. England • Henry VIII reigned 1509-1547 • 1531 declares himself head of Church • Mary I (Bloody Mary, Tudor), daughter of Henry and Catherine; • Making her cousin of Emperor Charles V • Returns England to Catholicism as official religion • Marries prince Philip II of Spain (son of Charles V) • Dies 1558 • Elizabeth reigns 1558-1603 • Return to Anglicanism • Dies childless

  5. England 1603-1660 • James I, son of Mary Queen of Scots, succeeds childless Elizabeth • Charles I, James son, reign 1625-1649 • Strong believer in Divine Right of Kings • Married a Catholic • Refused to compromise with Parliament over fiscal matters and revolt of Scotch Presbyterians • King during English Civil War between English aristocracy (Anglicans) and Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell • Charles I executed 1649 • Cromwell and Puritans rule 1649-1660 • Disbanded official Parliament, and established parliament of saints in 1643 • Attempt to implement ‘holy city’ model as in Geneva • Brutal military oppression of Ireland • After Cromwell’s death, Parliament asked king to return to return legitimacy to government

  6. England 1660-1700 • Restoration of monarchy, Charles II 1660-1685 • Exhumed Cromwell’s body, desecrated it and through it into a common pit • Persecution of Puritans • Tolerance of Catholics; alliances with France • Wants to return to Divine Right of Kings • Charles son, James II (1685-1688) • Even more strongly Catholic than Charles II • Has his son baptized by Catholics • William III and Mary II invited from Netherlands to rule England, Glorious Revolution • Mary was James’ older Protestant daughter • Married to Prince William of Orange • Reigned 1679-1702 • But Parliament retains great power; beginning of King as head of State rather than head of Government

  7. France 17th C • Henry IV (r. 1584-1610) • Edict of Nantes, 1598, granting toleration to Protestants • Louis XIII (r. 1610 – 1643) • Thirty Years War • Louis XIV (Sun King) reigns 1643-1715 • Becomes King at age 5; real power until older was Cardinal Richelieu • Reduced power of nobility, increased power of throne • Encouraged Gallicanism • Absolute Monarch, period of stability and strength • Revives (invents) French culture; Versailles center of France • French Church sees itself as a national Church aligned with throne

  8. Holy Roman Empire 17th C • Recall that Emperor is elected by German princes (electors) • Recall that when Charles V resigns,1555, empire split in two • Austria (including Hungary, southern Catholic German States) under Ferdinand I • Spain and Low Countries under Philip II (husband of Mary Tudor) • After Ferdinand, Holy Roman Emperor associated with Hapsburg rule in Austria • Catholic • Much dissent from Protestants in central Europe and Northern Germany • Although Peace of Augsburg (1555) established cujus regio, ejus religio (whose reign, his religion) • Friction continued • Reduced need for protection against the Turks • Led to Thirty Years War

  9. Beginning of Thirty Years War • War is really unfinished business from 16th C • Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II (r.1756-1612) • Educated in Spain by Jesuits • Issued many pro-Catholic directives • But Emperor weak figure outside of Austria • Rudolph decides to put down small Protestant revolts in Bohemia and northern Germany, 1608 • Bohemians ask Frederick of Palatinate for help; but principality of Palatinate separated from Bohemia by staunchly Catholic Bavaria • Rudolph successful, but leaves concerns across Europe that a reunited HRE and Spain could be stronger than ever • In 1625 England, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden join German Protestant states to form the Protestant League • Rudolph was succeeded by is son, Ferdinand II; France joined Austria in fight

  10. Map of Key Battles Thirty Years Warwww.rootsweb.com/~wggerman/map/thirtyyear.htm

  11. Ravages of Thirty Years War • Very brutal war; attacked civilians as well as soldiers • Thirty Years of War led to destruction of much of central Europe and northern Germany • Ends in 1648 with Treaty of Westphalia • Reaffirms Peace of Augsburg • France extended territory to Rhine • Sweden received lands in Baltic • German princes somewhat stronger • Austrian power reduced

  12. Result of War • Every country in Europe affected in some way • Led to disillusionment with religion in general • Begins time of questioning role of religion in government • Rise of atheism as a viable, allowable belief

  13. Beginning of Different Models of Political Theory • If religion not a good source of political cohesion, then what is • Two answers are developed in 17th C • Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) developed natural law theory of relations within and among nations; went back to Roman stoicism • Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704) develops divine right of kings concept; king is God’s vicar on earth; went back to feudal system • Divine right of kings increasingly becomes answer in France, Spain, Austria, Sweden • England starts to develop natural law political philosophy (John Locke) • For the first time can start to really talk about separation of religion and politics (if not church and state) • Beginning of modern nation states

  14. Papacy in 17th C • Recall that Trent had affirmed a strong papacy • But rising nationalism, especially in Catholic countries where divine right of kings was gaining support undercut Papal political authority • Popes in 17th C were not very strong • France refuses to accept much of Trent • Investiture controversies of Middle Ages revisited

  15. Gallicanism vs. Ultramontanism • France over the centuries had a complex relationship to Papacy, saw herself as the ‘eldest daughter of the Church’ • Pepin Short (8th C) • Philip the Fair vs Boniface VIII • Avignon Papacy • Conciliarism • Henry IV and his successors refused to accept Trent decrees on Papal appointment of bishops; known a Gallicans • Much of the clergy, thanks to Jesuit education, was in favor of Trent; Ultramontanes (beyond the mountains) • Much of the Trent reforms were observed in practice

  16. Louis XIV vs Pope Innocent XI • Louis XIV, very strong force in Europe, pressed for even more control over French bishops under his Divine Right of Kings • Church property • Election of Bishops • Innocent XI threatened to excommunicate Louis XIV • Louis called Assembly of Clergy, 1681-1682, chaired by Jacques Bossuet, led to Four Articles • Pope has no authority over temporal affairs • Reasserted Council of Constance • Papal decrees could only be accepted if accepted by whole Church • Rejected Papal infallibility separate from Pope • After death of Innocent XI in 1689, compromise was reached: Four Articles not taught in French schools; Pope recognized divine right of French kings; infallibility side-stepped • Ultramontanism vs Gallicanism will remain a divisive issues in French Church until Vatican I

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