Articles of Confederation and the Constitution 1781-1788

1. Articles of Confederation and the Constitution 1781-1788 Chapter 9

2. Social Effects of the Revolution • Greater equality among all social classes (rich/poor) • Fought together during the war, bred a sense of equality • Voting rights expanded—land qualifications for voting abandoned in most states although money still required (had to pay taxes) • Poor/lower class made up a large % of elected officials (In New England less than 20% before the war to over 60% after) • Greater freedoms for women • Some debate over extending full rights to women, but never adopted • Legal restrictions on women relaxed somewhat in some states (right to own property, etc.) • Emancipation for (some) Slaves • Gradual emancipation in the North • Manumission (voluntary freeing of slaves) in a few places in the South (DE, MD, VA) • British freed many slaves during the war • Most states outlawed the slave trade (if not slavery) after the war

3. Political Effects of the Revolution • Articles of Confederation 1781 (took effect during the war) • Each state was like an independent country loosely allied together in the Confederation • States had a lot of power over their own affairs • King/Parliament replaced by Congress—Congress didn’t have very many powers (couldn’t tax, regulate trade, etc.) • Increase in “democracy” in the state constitutions • Democracy vs republic • State constitutions gave the people more power than they had before • Assemblies more powerful, governors weaker • Governors and upper house elected by the people—not appointed like before • State Bills of Rights limited what the state governments could do • Couldn’t limit freedom of speech, religion, etc • Increase of religious freedom in the states • Southern states ended official religions • New England states didn’t abolish their official religions until the early 1800’s, but had religious toleration

4. Articles of Confederation: 1781(1783)-1788 • Central government=Congress (no president, no courts) • Congress replaced the role that King/Parliament had played during colonial times • Each state had 1 vote: problems? • Most decisions required 9 out of 13 state approval: problems? • Amending the Articles required unanimous approval: problems? • Could not tax, could not regulate trade • Why not? Who could do these things? • Had control over foreign policy, the national military, post office, western lands, Indian affairs (foreign policy)

5. Successes/Pros of the Articles • Technically the government that won the war vs. the most powerful country in the world (Britain) • Land Policy • Got the states to cede most of their land claims to the central government • Northwest Ordinance of 1785 (new states, not new colonies) • State governments held most of the power (almost every law/tax of any importance was passed by the state governments not the federal government) the PEOPLE had a lot of control over the state governments

6. Crisis Period? Problems with the Articles • Foreign Problems • Indian attacks on the frontier (often supplied by British/Spanish) • British/Spanish occupied large parts of US territory (Northwest US, Southwest US) • Spanish refused to allow Americans access to Mississippi River • US government couldn’t pay back Loyalists from Revolutionary War—Treaty of Paris • North African Pirates (Barbary Pirates)

7. Crisis Period? Problems with the Articles • Domestic Problems • Debate about Vermont (claimed by both NY and NH) • Couldn’t pay off debts from the war: why? • Couldn’t regulate trade (different states had different rules, states passing trade restrictions against each other) • States passing paper money (had no value) • Economy suffered—British imports killed US industry, US lost access to British markets (Caribbean) • Shays Rebellion—indebted Massachusetts farmers closed down the state courts, stopped foreclosures—anarchy???!!!

8. Problems with the Articles: A Closer Look • Domestic Problems • US/State governments not paying off loans/debts • What type of person did this hurt? • Problems regulating trade • Who did this hurt? • Worthless paper money made it easy to pay off debts • Who did this hurt? • Bad economy, damaged industry • Who did this hurt? • Shays Rebellion • Who did this concern?

9. Articles of Confederation: 2 Schools of Thought • Nationalist School • John Fiske • The Critical Period of US History (1888) • Traditional view of the Articles of Confederation • Crisis Period in America • “Founding Fathers” saved America by replacing the Articles with the Constitution • Progressive School • Charles and Mary Beard (The Beards) • An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (1913) • The Articles of Confederation weren’t that bad • Founders motivated by economic self interest • Constitution sacrificed state-level democracy for the economic well being of the wealthy/powerful

10. From Articles to Constitution • Articles of Confederation losing support (especially among the upper class/business leaders) • Shays Rebellion 1786-1787 • Annapolis Convention 1786 • fix problems related to interstate and international trade • Didn’t do anything (problem too complicated) agreed to meet again in Philadelphia to revise the entire Articles • Philadelphia Convention 1787 • Revise the Articles of Confederation • Make changes or completely replace???

11. Conflicts and Compromises at Philadelphia • Basic Structure • 3 Branches: legislative (congress), executive (president), judicial (supreme court) • Federal System: power shared between state governments and the national (federal) government • Problems • Congress: • How many houses 1 (Virginia Plan) or 2 (New Jersey Plan) (unicameral or bicameral) • Representation based on population (VA) or equal (NJ) • Slavery • Allow slavery? • Allow the slave trade??? • How do you count slaves for the purposes of voting?

12. Compromises • Connecticut Compromise • 2 house congress • House of Representatives (lower house) • Representation based on population • Elected by the people every 2 years • Senate (upper house) • 2 representatives per state regardless of size • Elected by the state legislatures every 6 years* • 3/5ths Compromise • For purposes of determining population for House of Reps every 5 slaves would count as 3 people • What type of precedent did this establish/what did this say about the status of African Americans in the eyes of the US govt?

13. Constitution as a Conservative Document • Constitution Much Less “democratic” than Articles • States had less power—less easy for the people to influence their government (Federalist #10) • Senators elected by state legislatures NOT by popular vote • President elected by Electoral College NOT by popular vote • Supreme Court Justices appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate NOT elected by the people

14. Articles vs Constitution: Changes • National (federal) government now had the power to: • Tax • Regulate interstate and international commerce • Borrow money • Coin money • Necessary and proper clause Art I, Sect 8, Clause 18 • State governments could no longer • Make paper money • Make their own trade regulations/ban trade from another state • Constitution was the supreme law of the land • Constitutionfederal laws/treatiesstate laws

15. Articles vs Constitution: Changes • Amendment Process • Amendments needed to pass both houses of Congress by a 2/3rds majority • ¾ of the States needed to ratify them • Presidency • 1 decisive leader • Had the power to veto laws, congress could override the veto with 2/3 majorities in both houses • Supreme Court • Justices served for life, appointed by President

16. Checks and Balances • Problem: • How do you keep the national government from gaining too much power? • Rely on people’s good nature not to abuse their power? • Rely on people’s bad nature to seek as much power for themselves as they can? • Solution: • People will seek as much power for themselves as they can so construct the government so that in order for one branch to gain power they must take it from another • Greedy individuals in all 3 branches will constantly undercut one another’s power (check) and this will result in no one branch growing too powerful (balance)

17. Checks and Balances

18. Ratification Process • Constitution would take effect when 9 out of 13 states ratified it • What would happen to the other 4 who didn’t? • Federalists in favor, antifederalists opposed • Federalists: by the coast, in the big cities, merchants, factory workers, the wealthy, bankers, creditors • Antifederalists: backcountry, rural, farmers, poorer, debtors • September 1787 Constitution finished • Dec 1787 first state ratified it (Delaware) • 1788 9 states had ratified—Constitution took effect • VA, NY, NC, and RI hadn’t, US needed these states (especially NY and VA) • Promise to draft a national Bill of Rights won over most of the holdouts (RI didn’t ratify until after the completion of the Bill of Rights 1790)

19. Political Cartoon