讲 座 提 纲

1. 讲 座 提 纲 1 什么是分子育种 2 历史回顾 3 全基因组策略 4 基因型鉴定 5 表现型鉴定 6 环境型鉴定 (etyping) 7 标记-性状关联分析 8 标记辅助选择 9 决策支撑系统 10 展望

2. Future Prospects Large-scale resequencing (whole genome and target regions) Stage one: 100 core maize lines (2010) … … Stage N: all maize lines (201X) Multi-location precision phenotypingand etyping Whole genome association studies (GWAS) for gene and allele discovery and functional analysis Genomewide selection for complex and multiple traits

3. Whole Genome Strategies for a New Breeding Target Increased Food and Ecosystem Security via Perennial Grains J. D. Glover, J. P. Reganold, L. W. Bell, J. Borevitz, E. C. Brummer, E. S. Buckler, C. M. Cox, T. S. Cox, T. E. Crews, S. W. Culman, L. R. DeHaan, D. Eriksson, B. S. Gill, J. Holland, F. Hu, B. S. Hulke, A. M. H. Ibrahim, W. Jackson, S. S. Jones, S. C. Murray, A. H. Paterson, E. Ploschuk, E. J. Sacks, S. Snapp, D. Tao, D. L. Van Tassel, L. J. Wade, D. L. Wyse, Y. Xu Perennial grains hold promise, especially for marginal landscapes or with limited resources where annual versions struggle. SCIENCE (2010) 328: 1368-1369

4. Ecosystem functions of annual and perennial crops

5. Why Is It Possible Now Large-size populations High density molecular markers Break the tight linkage between perenniality and wild traits Bring complex traits together more efficiently than ever Rice as an example for grains Dr. Fengyi Hu at Yunnan AAS, China Maize as an example for forages Prof. Tingzhao Rong and his group at SCAU, China

6. Bottlenecks in Marker-Assisted Molecular Breeding • Need of integrated plant breeding platforms • Establishment of molecular breeding networks • Improved precision phenotyping and etyping systems • Effective and efficient information management and analysis • Complexity of crops with polyploidy chromosomes and high genetic diversity 育种的集成化、规模化、 程序化

7. National Molecular Breeding Network Why • Large-scale and pipeline based breeding calls for integrated breeding platform • Genotyping platform available allows to establish a common platform for all crops • It is not possible to establish independent molecular breeding platforms by individual small companies and institutions • Sharing platforms can perform more efficiently and effectively

8. National Molecular Breeding Network How National Genotyping Service Centers (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou) Phenotyping Standardization and Demonstration Centers (cereals, vegetables, fruits) Etyping Standardization and Demonstration Centers (cereals, vegetables, fruits) Information Management Centers (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou)

9. A Breeding Team for Modern Plant Breeding Line breeder 1 Line breeder 3 Line breeder 2 MB scientist Applicationteam 1 Applicationteam 3 Applicationteam 2 Molecular breeding scientists support the adoption and use of new tools

10. 4-D Profile of Plant Breeding Time Space Plane Line Point E G P Genotype E E G Phenotype P Phenotype G Phenotype P E G P Multi-phenotype across environments and time series assisted by genotype Multi-phenotype across environments assisted by genotype Single phenotype Multi-phenotype assisted by genotype Multiple phenotype Revised from Xu et al. 2012 Mol Breed 29:833–854

11. The Future of Plant Breeding • Challenges + Opportunities • Reduced cost while increasing the scale and efficiency • High throughput genotyping, phenotyping and etypingplatforms • Effective information management and data analysis • Powerful decision support tools • Marker-assisted breeding as a routine practice in many breeding programs

12. Whole Genome Strategies: Product Genotypes and genes Optimized gene networks Specific Phenotypes and Products Specific genomic regions Alleles or haplotypes

13. Thanks 谢 谢 Maize Molecular Breeding Laboratory CIMMYT-CAAS Joint International Research Center for Applied Genomics and Molecular Breeding http://www.ccmaize.org y.xu@cgiar.org

14. 作物分子育种理论与应用 思 考 题 1. 规模化分子育种一般需要哪些支撑平台？ 每个平台的基本要素是什么？ 2. 简要描述性状-标记关联分析的基本思路 3. 简述分子标记辅助选择育种的基本方法及其应用