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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Reproductive Choices: Making Responsible Decisions. Objectives. Discuss the different types of contraceptive methods and compare their effectiveness. Summarize the legal decisions surrounding abortion and the various types of abortion procedures.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Reproductive Choices: Making Responsible Decisions

  2. Objectives • Discuss the different types of contraceptive methods and compare their effectiveness. • Summarize the legal decisions surrounding abortion and the various types of abortion procedures. • Discuss key issues to consider when planning a pregnancy. • Explain the importance of prenatal care and the physical and emotional aspects of pregnancy. • Describe the basic stages of childbirth. • Review primary causes of and possible solutions to infertility.

  3. Methods Of Fertility Management • Barrier methods • Hormonal methods • Surgical methods • Other methods

  4. Contraceptive Effectiveness and STI Prevention Table 7.1

  5. Barrier Methods • Male condom • Foams, suppositories, jellies, and creams • Female condom • Diaphragm with spermicidal jelly or cream • Cervical cap with spermicidal jelly or cream • Lea’s shield and FemCap • The sponge

  6. How To Use A Condom Figure 7.1

  7. The Proper Method Of Applying Spermicide within the Vagina Figure 7.3

  8. The Proper Use and Placement of a Diaphragm Figure 7.4

  9. Hormonal Methods • Oral contraceptives • Progestin-only pills • Ortho Evra (the patch) • NuvaRing • Depo-Provera • Norplant and other implants (currently not on the market)

  10. Early Warning Signs of Medical Complications for Pill Users Figure 7.6

  11. Surgical Methods • Sterilization • Female • Tubal ligation • Hysterectomy • Male • Vasectomy

  12. Sterilization Figure 7.7

  13. Other Methods • Intrauterine devices (IUD) • Withdrawal • Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP’s) • Abstinence and “Outercourse” Fertility awareness • Cervical mucus • Body temperature • Calendar

  14. The Fertility Cycle Figure 7.8

  15. Costs of Contraception Table 7.2

  16. ABC News: Reproduction and Childbirth Play Video | Reproduction and Childbirth

  17. ABC News: Reproduction and Childbirth Discussion Questions: • How does Plan B work to prevent pregnancy? • Discuss both the pros and cons of making Plan B available as an Over-the-Counter drug.

  18. Methods Of Abortion • Surgical abortions • Vacuum aspiration • Dilation and evacuations (D&E) • Dilation and curettage (D&C) • Induction abortions • Hysterotomy • Intact dilation and extraction (D&X)

  19. Changes During the Menstrual Cycle Figure 7.9a

  20. Changes During the Menstrual Cycle (continued) Figure 7.9b

  21. Vacuum Aspiration Abortion Figure 7.10

  22. Medical Abortions • Mifepristone (formerly known as RU-486) “the abortion pill” – actually involves more steps than a clinical abortion. • First visit involves physical exam and dosage of pills • Patient returns 2 days later for a dose of prostaglandins • Females stays under observation for 4 hours • A return visit 12 days later to verify complete fetus expulsion

  23. Emotional Aspects Of Abortions • Feelings include: • Regret • Guilt • Sadness • Relief • Happiness

  24. Planning A Pregnancy • Emotional health • Maternal health • Paternal health • Financial evaluation • Contingency planning

  25. Pregnancy • Prenatal care • Choosing a practitioner • Obstetrician-Gynecologist • Family practitioner • Midwives • Alcohol and drugs • Fetal alcohol syndrome • Smoking • X-rays • Nutrition and exercise

  26. Fertilization Figure 7.11

  27. The Process Of Pregnancy • Early signs • First trimester • Second trimester • Third trimester • “Fourth” trimester

  28. Prenatal Testing And Screening • Amniocentesis • Amniotic sac • Ultrasound • Fetoscopy • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

  29. Amniocentesis Figure 7.12

  30. Childbirth Considerations • Choosing where to have your baby • Labor and delivery • First stage – amniotic sac breaks • Second stage – expulsion • Third stage – delivery of placenta • Managing labor • Medical • Non-medical • Birth alternatives • Postpartum period

  31. The Birth Process Figure 7.13a

  32. The Birth Process (continued) Figure 7.13b

  33. Complications • Preeclampsia and eclampsia • Cesarean section (C-section) • Miscarriage • Rh factor • Ectopic pregnancy • Stillbirth • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

  34. Infertility • Causes in women • Endometriosis • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) • Causes in men • Low sperm count

  35. Infertility Treatment • Fertility drugs • Alternative insemination • In vitro fertilization • Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) • Nonsurgical embryo transfer • Surrogate motherhood • Adoption

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