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An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design

An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design. 2. Objectives. Understand computer componentsUnderstand the evolution of programming techniquesDescribe the steps involved in the programming processUnderstand flowcharts and pseudocode statements. An Object-Oriented Approach to Progra

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An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design

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    1. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design Chapter 1 An Overview of Computers and Logic

    2. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 2 Objectives Understand computer components Understand the evolution of programming techniques Describe the steps involved in the programming process Understand flowcharts and pseudocode statements

    3. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 3 Objectives (continued) Create an application class with a main() method Use and name variables Assign values to variables Describe data types

    4. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 4 Understanding Computer Components and Operations Two major components of any computer system: Hardware: equipment or devices associated with the computer Software: programs, or sets of instructions, written by programmers Application software – applied to a task, such as word processing, spreadsheets, payroll, etc. System software – manage computer resources

    5. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 5 Understanding Computer Components and Operations (continued) Together, hardware and software accomplish four major operations: Input Processing Output Storage

    6. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 6 Understanding Computer Components and Operations (continued) Input: a means for data to enter the computer through an input device such as: Mouse Keyboard Scanner

    7. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 7 Understanding Computer Components and Operations (continued) Processing: performing mathematical or other operations on the data Takes place in the central processing unit (CPU) using machine instructions Software provides machine instructions to the CPU Software is written using programming languages

    8. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 8 Understanding Computer Components and Operations (continued) Output: a means for data to be viewed, printed, interpreted, or stored, using devices such as: Printer Monitor Speakers

    9. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 9 Understanding Computer Components and Operations (continued) Storage: maintaining the data in internal or external storage devices Internal storage: main memory, which is volatile (lost when the power is turned off) External storage: permanent storage outside of main memory in devices such as Disk drives: hard and floppy USB memory drives Magnetic tapes and cartridges Compact discs (CD-ROMs) and digital video discs (DVDs)

    10. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 10 Understanding Computer Components and Operations (continued) Programming languages: used to create machine instructions in a language that humans can understand Common languages include Visual Basic, C#. C++, COBOL, RPG, Fortran, Java, etc. Programming languages have rules governing the usage and punctuation, called the syntax Programming language instructions are translated to machine instructions using a compiler or interpreter

    11. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 11 Understanding Computer Components and Operations (continued) Two kinds of programming language errors: Syntax errors: incorrect spelling or incorrect structure of the language elements Semantic (logic) errors: incorrect instructions or incorrect order of instructions When the program has been written and compiled, it must then be executed or run

    12. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 12 Understanding Computer Components and Operations (continued) Example of a logic error in instructions for making a cake: Stir Add two eggs Add a gallon of gasoline Bake at 350 degrees for 45 minutes Add three cups of flour

    13. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 13 Understanding the Evolution of Programming Techniques: Languages Computer programming began in the 1940s, using machine instructions and codes for memory addresses Newer languages look more like natural languages, using variables to represent memory addresses

    14. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 14 Understanding the Evolution of Programming Techniques: Structure Older programs were written as one component, from start to finish Newer programs are written as separate, self-contained, reusable components that are combined together

    15. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 15 Understanding the Evolution of Programming Techniques: Techniques Two major techniques for developing programs: Procedural programming: focuses on creating procedures and steps for accomplishing subtasks Object-Oriented programming (OOP): focuses on objects, their attributes, behaviors, and states Attributes: features of an object Behaviors: what the object does States: the set of values of all of the attributes

    16. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 16 Understanding the Programming Process Object-oriented approach to developing a computer software system involves three tasks: Object-oriented analysis (OOA): analyzing the system Object-oriented design (OOD): designing the system Object-oriented programming (OOP): writing the programs Our focus is on writing programs that are already designed

    17. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 17 Understanding the Programming Process (continued) Steps in writing programs: Envision and create the objects that are required, and identify how they relate to each other (data modeling) Create the classes (the code to create a general category, or template, for an object including its attributes and behaviors) Code the statements in the program to manipulate the objects

    18. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 18 Understanding the Programming Process (continued) Steps in writing programs (continued): Compile the program to obtain machine instructions Test the program Put the program into production

    19. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 19 Understanding the Programming Process (continued)

    20. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 20 Using Flowcharts and Pseudocode Statements Flowchart: a pictorial representation of the logical steps of the program Program steps are in boxes, connected with flowlines (arrows) to show the order of processing Pseudocode: an English-like representation of the logical steps of the program; looks like a programming language, but isn’t

    21. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 21 Using Flowcharts and Pseudocode Statements (continued)

    22. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 22 Creating an Application Class with a main() Method In “pure view,” every application is a class Pseudocode for an application begins with the word class and end with endClass Method: a set of statements that performs some task or group of tasks If a class contains only one method that executes, the method is named main()

    23. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 23 Creating an Application Class with a main() Method (continued) Identifier: the name of a programming object such as a class, method, or variable Specific programming languages have rules for the structure of identifiers Our rules for pseudocode are: Identifier names must be one word, with letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, but no spaces Identifiers should have an appropriate meaning Compound words such as HelloClass are OK

    24. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 24 Creating an Application Class with a main() Method (continued) The statement main() is the method header A class that contains a main() method is an executable program Every method ends with a return statement. Place the action statements of the main() method between the main() method header and the return statement

    25. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 25 Creating an Application Class with a main() Method (continued)

    26. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 26 Creating an Application Class with a main() Method (continued)

    27. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 27 Creating an Application Class with a main() Method (continued)

    28. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 28 Using and Naming Variables

    29. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 29 Using and Naming Variables (continued)

    30. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 30 Assigning Values to Variables Assignment statements: assign values to variables calculatedAnswer = inputNumber * 2 Assignment operator: requires the name of a memory location on its left side where the result will be stored Named constant: a named memory location, similar to a variable, whose value never changes during program execution

    31. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 31 Understanding Data Types Two basic types of data—text and numeric Numbers: written as digits with no quotation marks; used for numeric calculations. Ex: 42 String constant: a specific set of characters enclosed in quotations. Ex: “Chris” Character variables: variables that hold a single character String variables: variables that hold a group of characters

    32. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 32 Understanding Data Types (continued)

    33. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 33 Understanding Data Types (continued)

    34. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 34 Understanding Data Types (continued)

    35. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 35 Understanding Data Types (continued)

    36. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 36 Summary Hardware and software accomplish four major operations: Input, Processing, Output, and Storage Computer programming languages are used to write machine instructions Object-oriented programming, or OOP, focuses on objects and describes their features, or attributes, and their behaviors

    37. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 37 Summary (continued) A programmer must identify objects and classes, code the program, translate it into machine language, test it, and put it into production Flowcharts and/or pseudocode are used to plan the logic for a programming solution Variables are named memory locations whose contents can vary Choose meaningful names for your variables

    38. An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design 38 Summary (continued) Assignment always takes place from right to left Variable declaration tells the computer what type of data to expect Numeric, character, and string variables are handled differently by the computer

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