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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. The Macedonian kings Philip II and his son Alexander used military genius to unite their own region and then conquer much of the Mediterranean world. The Conquest of the Poleis. Tribal Macedonia Were considered backward by the Greek poleis Geography

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 • The Macedonian kings Philip II and his son Alexander used military genius to unite their own region and then conquer much of the Mediterranean world.

  2. The Conquest of the Poleis • Tribal Macedonia • Were considered backward by the Greek poleis • Geography • Two main parts: The coastal plain to the south and east, and the mountainous interior. • Uniting the Tribes • Philip II succeeded in marshaling the gold and silver of his land • He was held hostage as a young man in Thebes for 3 years • Philip II: Military Genius

  3. The Conquest of the Poleis • Military Innovations • Changed the traditional Greek phalanx, and used 13-foot pikes instead of 9-foot • Developed weapons for besieging walled cities – torison catapult • Greek Responses • Isocrates believed that Philip could unify the Greeks and face Asia • Demosthenes argued to preserve Athens’s traditional freedom and the self-government • Greece Conquered • In 338 B.C. , Philip at the Battle of Chaeronea slaughtered the Greeks, and he took control of the Greek city-states (except Sparta)

  4. The Conquest of the Poleis • Death of the King • Philip died to mismanagement of his domestic affairs • Philip Murdered • Pausanias, Philip’s jilted companion mortally stabbed the king • Philip’s Tomb • Solid gold caskets containing remains wrapped in purple and gold cloth

  5. The Conquest of the Poleis • Alexander’s Conquests • Raised to rule • Tutored by Aristotle • Military Exploits • Alexander engaged Persia at the Battle of Issus with Persian King Darius III • The Egyptian priests declared Alexander the Incarnation of their god, Amon And crowned him pharaoh C. 1529 ALBRECHT ALTDORFER ALEXANDER’S VICTORY(OR BATTLE OF ISSUS)

  6. The Conquest of the Poleis • The Greek Hero • Alexander identified with the hero Achilles, and slept with a copy of Homer’s Illiad, under his pillow • India • In the battle against northern India, Alexander’s troops refused to go on • A Young Ruler’s Legacy • Intercultural Marriages • Alexander strongly supported the intermarriage of Greeks and Macedonians with Asians • Resentments • Alexander’s cultural blending disturbed upper-crust Greeks and Macedonians • Alexander’s Memory

  7. Chapter 3 • After Alexander’s death, his unified empire broke up into smaller kingdoms whose rulers contributed to the spread of Hellenistic culture.

  8. The Successor Kingdoms, 323-ca. 100 B.C. • Egypt Under the Ptolemies • Continuity of Life • The new kings struck a bargain with the Egyptian priests, promising to fulfill the traditional duty of the pharaohs to care for the temples in exchange for protection of their legitimacy • Hellenistic Queens • Many Ptolemaic rulers engaged in brother-sister marriages, but many women ruled completely on their own • Alexandria • Cosmopolitan city, it had almost one million inhabitants • Rosetta Stone • Records Ptolemy’s deeds in three languages: hieroglyphics, Egyptian cursive, and Greek • Provided the key that finally let nineteenth-century scholars decipher hieroglyphic writing

  9. The Successor Kingdoms, 323-ca. 100 B.C. • The Seleucids Rule Asia • Commercial Cities • Established as the new capital of the kingdom • Seleucid Colonists • They relied in part on Macedonian and Greek colonists to secure their hold on their Asian lands • Antigonids in Greece • Life in Macedonia • Near the end of his life, Alexander sent home one shipment of booty that proved so large that 110 warships were needed to escort the merchant vessels on their return journey • Changes in Greece • The traditional democracy of Athens and the other poleis had evaporated, and many immigrants and freed slaves became citizens

  10. Chapter 3 • The pace of economic activity quickened under Hellenistic rule as Greek became the universal language of business and trade facilitated the spread of Hellenistic culture.

  11. East Meets West in the Successor Kingdoms • Money in the New Cosmopolitan Economies • Coinage and Trade • The Hellenistic kings standardized currency • Both coins represent both the wealth that the Macedonian conquests generated and the spread of Greek cultural influence throughout the region as trade intensified • Command Economies • In Egypt, the Ptolemies increased their controls to funnel the riches of the Nile valley into the royal treasury • Kings levied taxes on imports and exports, such as grain, papyrus, cosmetics, timber, metals, and horses.

  12. East Meets West in the Successor Kingdoms • Armies of the Hellenistic World • Mercenary Armies • The Hellenistic kings, regularly fielded armies of between 60,000 and 80,000 troops, and armies no longer consisted primarily of citizen-soldiers only mercenaries • Mercenaries – loyal only to their paymaster and switched sides with impunity • War Elephants • Soldiers mounted on elephants had a greater military advantage, trampling men and using their trunks as weapons • Slavery • It was customary to enslave losers in battle – wealthy households could have hundreds of slaves

  13. East Meets West in the Successor Kingdoms • A True Cultural Blending? • Travelers • Travelers included merchants and mercenaries and diplomats seeking political and economic advantages or opportunities to spy • Diverse Art • Struggles and Successes: Life in the Cosmopolitan Cities • Cities became status symbols, and did not provide for themselves. They were expensive to maintain, and the peasants were taxed. • Women • Women were more free to move about in public • Cities and Kings • Urban Problems • Sewerage, water drainage, and public safety

  14. East Meets West in the Successor Kingdoms • New Opportunities • Advancing through successful military activities • Women had opportunities to participate in the public sphere • Patronage, Planning, and Passion: Hellenistic Art • Monarchs spent their money as patrons of the arts • Royal Patrons • Monarchs wanted their newly established cities to reflect the highest ideals of Greek aesthetics • Sculpture • Wealthy hired artists to create works of beauty to decorate their homes

  15. East Meets West in the Successor Kingdoms • Resistance to Hellenism: Judaism, 323-76 B.C. • The Jews struggled to maintain their sense of identity • Hellenized Jews • Studied classical texts, some of their traditional beliefs changed • Maccabaen Revolt • In 166 B.C., Judas Maccabeus led an armed revolt against the Seleucids • In 164 B.C., the Maccabeans prevailed • Independent Judea • The Maccabean revolutionists established a new theocratic state of Judea

  16. Chapter 3 • Hellenistic rulers actively supported Greek learning and arts, thereby stimulating both the spread and the brilliance of Hellenistic cultural achievements.

  17. The Search for Truth: Hellenistic Thought, Religion, and Science • A Life of Learning • Hellenistic kings competed to hire sought-after tutors for their families, and to purchase texts for their libraries • Theater and Literature • New Comedies • Menander • Hellenistic Novels • Ninos • Cynics, Epicurieans, and Stoics: Cosmopolitan Philosophy

  18. The Search for Truth: Hellenistic Thought, Religion, and Science • Cynics • Claimed that the more people rejected the goods and connections of this world – the more they would achieve spiritual happiness • Epicurus • Founded a school of philosophy that built on Democritus’s theory of a universe made of atoms • The ideal life was one of moderation • Stoics • Founded by Zeno • People could possess material goods as long as they were not emotionally attached to them • They argued for a Universal Reason or God that governed the universe

  19. The Search for Truth: Hellenistic Thought, Religion, and Science • New Religions of Hope • “Mystery Religion” • Included worship of fertility goddesses like Demeter and Cybele, and Dionysus • Hellenistic Science • Medical Advances • Herophilus performed dissections that led him to spectacular discoveries about human anatomy

  20. The Search for Truth: Hellenistic Thought, Religion, and Science • Mathematics and Astronomy • Euclid is considered one of the most accomplished mathematicians of all time • Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth with remarkable accuracy • Archimedes • The first to determine the value of pi • Study of levers • Invented a compound pulley • Invented offensive and defensive weapons

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