Lecture 1: General Concepts (41 slides)

1. Lecture 1: General Concepts (41 slides) Information Technology Lecturer: Prof. Anatoly Sachenko

2. Lecture Overview • Hardware, Software, Information and Information Technology • Types of Computer • Computer Architecture • Logical Elements of Computer • Computer Performance

3. Hardware, Software, Information and Information Technology • Hardware is an computer’s equipment • Softwareis an aggregate of all programs, in-use computers, and also all area of activity on their development and application • Information is any data about objects and phenomena of environment, their parameters, properties and state, which perceive the informative systems (living organisms, managing machines and other) in the process of vital functions and work • Algorithm is the beforehand set clear and exact order a possible performer to accomplish the certain sequence of executions for the receipt of decision of task for the eventual number of steps

4. Hardware, Software, Information and Information Technology (continued) • Informationcan exists in a different kind: • Texts, pictures, drafts, pictures • Light or sounds signals • Radio waves • Electric and neural impulses • Magnetic records • Gestures and mimicry • Smells and feelings of tastes • Chromosomes

5. Hardware, Software, Information and Information Technology (continued) • The Information is passing from the source of the information to the recipient means of communication channel • Information measuring. As information unit suggested to use one bit (binary digit). A byte, equal to 8 bits is used.There are also: • 1 kilobyte (KByte) = 1024 byte = 210 byte • 1 megabyte (MByte) = 1024 KByte = 220 byte • 1 gigabyte (GByte) = 1024 MByte = 230 byte • 1 terabyte (TByte) = 1024 GByte = 240 byte • 1 petabyte (PByte) = 1024 TByte = 250 byte

6. Hardware, Software, Information and Information Technology (continued) • Information might be: - created - passed - used - memorized -accepted - copied - formalized - diffused - transformed - combined -processed - divided to pieces - simplified -collected - kept; - searched; - measured; • destroyed; -perceived

7. Hardware, Software, Information and Information Technology (continued) • Properties of the information: - authenticity - plenitude - value - timeliness - clearness - availability - brevity - so on • Informative resourcesare ideas of humanity and directions for their realization, accumulated in a form that allows their reproduction (continued on the next slide)

8. Hardware, Software, Information and Information Technology (continued) • It is books, articles, patents, dissertations, research and documentation, technical translations, information about front-rank production experience and other • Informative resources (unlike all other types of resources — labors, power, mineral, etc) growing as quickly as they expending • Information technologyis an aggregate of methods and devices that people uses for information processing

9. Types of computer • Computeris a programmable electronic device, able to process information and make calculations, and also able to execute other tasks and characters manipulation • There are two basic computer types: • Digital computers, processing information in binary mode • Analogue computers, processing continuously changing physical sizes (electric tension, time and etc) which are the analogues of the calculated sizes

10. Types of computer (continued) • Microcomputersare computers in which central processing unit is executed as a microprocessor • Computer productivity is determined by not only descriptions of the applied microprocessor but also capacity of operative memory, types of peripheral units, quality of structural decisions etc • Microcomputers are instruments for the decision of various intricate problems • Their microprocessors increase their power and peripheral units efficiency every year (continued on the next slide)

11. Types of computer (continued) • The advanced models of microcomputers have a few microprocessors • A variety of microcomputer is amicrocontroller. It is the specialised device built in the control system or technological line based on a microprocessor • Personal computersare microcomputers of universal purpose, counted on one user and guided one man • Mainframes are intended for the decision of wide class of scientific and technical tasks and are difficult and expensive machines • They are using in the large systems with 200 — 300 workspaces

12. Types of computer– Super Computer • The super computers of middle class are distinguished, class above the average and cutting edge (high end) • Architecture of super computers is based on ideas of parallelismandpipelining calculations • In these machines the parallel, that is simultaneously, the great number of operations look like is executed (it is named multiprocessor processing) • Thus, the ultrahigh fast-acting is provided not for all tasks, and only for the tasks added to paralleling (continued on the next slide)

13. Types of computer– Super Computer (continued) • The most widespread super computers – mass-parallel computer systems • They have ten thousand processors interactive through difficult, hieratically organized system of memory • The distinctive feature of super computers are vector processors, equipped an apparatus for concurrent execution of operations with multidimensional digital objects — vectors and matrixes • Vector registers and parallel pipeline mechanism of treatment arebuilt-in them (continued on the next slide)

14. Types of computer– Super Computer (continued) • If on an ordinary processor a programmer executes an operation above every component of vector, in our case computer will produce all vector commands at once • Super-computers are using for the decision of intricate and large scientific problems (meteorology, hydrodynamics etc) • Portable computers usually are needed for the enterprise chiefs, managers, scientists, journalists which have to work out of office — at home, on presentations or during business trips

15. Rank Location Computer Proce-ssors Installation Year 1 DOE/NNSA/LLNL, USA BlueGene/L - eServer Blue Gene Solution, IBM 131072 2005 2 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA Jaguar - Cray XT4/XT3, Cray Inc. 23016 2006 3 NNSA/Sandia National Laboratories, USA Red Storm - Sandia/ Cray Red Storm, Opteron 2.4 GHz dual core, Cray Inc. 26544 2006 4 IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, USA BGW - eServer Blue Gene Solution, IBM 40960 2005 5 Stony Brook/BNL, New York Center for Computional Sciences, USA New York Blue - eServer Blue Gene Solution,IBM 10240 2007 6 NNSA/Sandia National Laboratories, USA Thunderbird - PowerEdge 1850, 3.6 GHz, Infiniband, Dell 36864 2006 7 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Computional Center for Nanotechnology Innovations, USA eServer Blue Gene Solution, IBM 32768 2007 8 NCSA, USA Abe - PowerEdge 1955, 2.33 GHz, Infiniband, Dell 9600 2007 9 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain MareNostrum - BladeCenter JS21 Cluster, PPC 970, 2.3 GHz, Myrinet, IBM 10240 2006 10 Leibniz RechenzentrumGermany HLRB-II - Altix 4700 1.6 GHz, SGI 9728 2007 Super computers - TOP 10 for June, 2007

16. Types of computer– Portable Computers • Basic types of portable computers: • Laptop • Notebook • Palmtop • Personal Digital Assistant • Laptop(knee-guard, from lap – knee and top – over) • On sizes is near to the ordinary brief-case • Now the computers of this type concede a place to still less • By basic recommendation (fast-acting, memory) approximately corresponds to the table personal computers

17. Types of computer (continued) • Notebook • On sizes it nearer to the book of large format. • Its weight about 3 kg. • For connection with the office it usually completes with the modem • Notebooks frequently provide with the drives of optical drives • Many modern notebooks include interchangeable blocks with standard sockets • A notebook is steady to the failures in power supply (continued on the next slide)

18. Types of computer (continued) • It collects energy from the ordinary electric system • In the case of some failure he instantly passes to the feed from accumulators

19. Types of computer– PDA • Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are handheld computers, but have become much more versatile over the years • PDAs are also known as pocket computers or palmtop computers • PDAs have many uses: • Calculation • Use as a clock and calendar • Accessing the Internet • Scanning bar codes (continued on the next slide)

20. Types of computer– PDA (continued) • Sending and receiving E-mails, video recording, typewriting and word processing • Use as an address book, making and writing on spreadsheets • Newer PDAs also have both color screens and audio capabilities, enabling them to be used as mobile phones (smartphones), web browsers, or portable media players • Many PDA's employ touchscreen technology (continued on the next slide)

21. Types of computer– PDA (continued) • Many PDAs can access the Internet, intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi, or Wireless Wide-Area Networks (WWANs)

22. Computer architecture • Computer architecture - is its description at some general level, including description of users’ programming possibilities, sets of instructions, addressing modes, memory organisation and so on. Architecture determines principles of action, informative connections and mutual connection of basic logical sets of computer: processor, RAM, external memory and peripheral units. Community of different computers’ architecture is provided by their compatibility from the user’s point of view

23. Computer architecture (continued) • Classic architecture (Von Neumann’s architecture ) consists of one ALU, which the data flow, and one CU which the stream of instructions flows — program. It is an uniprocessor computer • Multiprocessor architecture. There are few processors in the computer, so many processes and streams can be organized simultaneously. Thus, a few fragments of one task can be executed at one time • Multimachine computer system. Few processors, included in the computer system, do not have general main memory, but each has its own (local)

24. Computer architecture (continued) • Architecture with parallel processors. Few ALU work under the management of one CU. It means that the great number of information can be processed on one program in one stream of instructions • Computer principles (according to John Von Neumann) • Programmatic management principle. The program consists of forming teams which are executed with the processor automatically after each other in a certain sequence (continued on the next slide)

25. Computer architecture (continued) • Memory homogeneity principle. The programs and information are kept in the same memory. A computer does not distinguish therefore, that is kept in this memory cell is a number, text or command. Above commands it is possible to execute the same actions, as well as above by information • Addresses principle. Structurally conventional memory consists of the renumbered cells; any cell is accessible to the processor in the arbitrary moment of time

26. Computer architecture (continued) • Main parts of PC: • Memory • Central processing unit - CPU (includes control unit (CU) and arithmetically logical unit (ALU)) • Input unit • Output unit • Motherboard • Hard Drive • CD-ROM • Devices are interconnected with the data channels

27. Computer architecture (continued) • Memory functions: • Adopting information from other devices • Saving information • Sending information to other computer devices on demand • CPU functions: • Data processing on the set program by implementation of arithmetic and boolean operations • Programmatic management work of computer devices

28. Logical Elements of computer • Information and commands appear as binary sequences of different structure and length. There are different physical ways of the binary information encoding • A logical element of computer is part of electronic logical chart which will realise an elementary Boolean function

29. Logical Elements of computer (continued) • The logical elements of computers are electronic circuits And, OR, NOT, AND-NOT, OR—NOT and others, and triggers • Truth table it is tabular presentation of logical circuit (operations), in which all possible combinations truth values of input signals (operands) are transferred together with the truth value of output signal (operation result) for each of these combinations

30. Logical Elements of computer (continued) • Circuit And realises conjunction of two or more Boolean values • One will be result of circuit And in case when there will be ones on all entrances. If there will be a zero on one entrance, there will be a zero in result

31. Logical Elements of computer (continued) • Circuit OR realizes disjunction for two or more Boolean values. When one is on one entrance of circuit OR there will be just only one, also there will be one on its return

32. Logical Elements of computer (continued) • Circuit NOT realizes denial operation.  Connection between the entrance x of this circuit and output z  can be described as correlation , where x read as “not x” or “x inverted”

33. Logical Elements of computer (continued) • Circuit AND-NOT consists of element AND and inverter and realises the denial of result for circuit AND. Connection between the return of z and entrances of circuit x and y can be described as , where     read as "inversion of x and y".  

34. Logical Elements of computer (continued) • Circuit OR-NOT consists of element OR and inverter and carries out the denial of circuit OR result. Connection between the output of z  and entrances  of circuit x and y can be described as , where can be read as a "inversion  of x or y"

35. RS-Trigger Logical Elements of computer (continued) • Trigger is an electronic circuit, widely applied in the computer registers for the reliable memorising binary code’s one digit • Trigger has two stable states, one of which corresponds binary one, and other — to binary zero • The most widespread trigger’s type is so-called RS-trigger (S and R mean, accordingly, set and reset)

36. CS Cout Ci Logical Elements of computer (continued) • Adder is an electronic logical circuit, used for adding binary numbers (explanation on the next slide)

37. Logical Elements of computer (continued) • For addition of numbers A and B in i-th digit it is necessary three numbers: • Number of the ai first element • Number of the bisecond element • Transfer of Pi–1 from least significant bit • As a result of addition two numbers adder turns out: • Number of Ci for a sum • Transfer of Pi from the given digit in a chief one

38. Computer Performance • Computer performance is characterised by the amount of useful work accomplished by a computer system compared to the time and resources used • Depending on the context, good computer performance may involve one or more of the following: • Short response time for a given piece of work • High throughput (rate of processing work) • Low utilization of computing resource(s) • High availability of the computing system or application

39. Computer Performance (continued) • Factors that impacts on computer performance: • CPU speed (measure in MegaHertz - Mhz and GigaHerth - Ghz) • It indicates how many operation it can performs per second • Than higher speed then better performance • RAM size • It indicates the amount of primary memory • Than bigger size then better performance (continued on the next slide)

40. Computer Performance (continued) • The number of applications running • Than more applications is running then there are less free primary memory and CPU speed • Than less applications then better performance

41. References • European Computer Driven Licence, Syllabus version 4.0, 2006. • Lecture Notes. Fundamentals of Informatics (e-version). Based on a book by L.Z.Shaucukova. Informatics (in Russian).Moscow, 2002. – 420 p.(translated and edited by Anatoly Sachenko). • William Stallings. Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance (6th edition). Prentice Hall , 2002, 750 p. • Tucker (Editor-in-Chief), R. Cupper, F.P. Deek, and R. Noonan (Editorial advisors), Computer Science Handbook, Second edition, CRC Press, 2004, 2752 p. • Hysa B., Piekoszewska B., Rakowiecka K., Sobota M., Sołtysik-Piorunkiewicz A., Zdonek D., Zdonek I., : Laboratorium z podstaw informatyki w zarządzaniu. Część II. Wprowadzenie do MS Windows. MS Word. Wydawnictwo PŚ. Gliwice 2003. Skrypt nr 2324. • Kowalczyk G.: Word 2000 PL. Ćwiczenia praktyczne. Helion, Gliwice 2000. • J. Glenn Brookshear. Computer science an overview, Sixth edition, Addison Wesley, 2001, 688 p.

42. Professor of the Department of Computer Science and Econometrics, the Silesian University of Technology, Polandhttp://www.roz6.polsl.pl/asachenko/index.html • www.cs.umaine.edu/~asa_sachenko@yahoo.com or as@tneu.edu.ua or as@umcs.maine.edu • Skype: Anatoly Sachenko • ICQ :227 061 409