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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Population Evolution The Evolution of Populations Population Genetics Adaptive Evolution ] The Evolution of Populations Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. The Evolution of Populations > Population Evolution Population Evolution • Defining Population Evolution • Population Genetics • Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Equilibrium Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-evolution-of-populations-19/population-evolution-130/

  6. The Evolution of Populations > Population Genetics Population Genetics • Genetic Variation • Genetic Drift • Gene Flow and Mutation • Nonrandom Mating and Environmental Variance Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-evolution-of-populations-19/population-genetics-131/

  7. The Evolution of Populations > Adaptive Evolution Adaptive Evolution • Natural Selection and Adaptive Evolution • Stabilizing, Directional, and Diversifying Selection • Frequency-Dependent Selection • Sexual Selection • No Perfect Organism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-evolution-of-populations-19/adaptive-evolution-132/

  8. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  9. The Evolution of Populations Key terms • alleleone of a number of alternative forms of the same gene occupying a given position on a chromosome • assortative matingbetween males and females of a species, the mutual attraction or selection, for reproductive purposes, of individuals with similar characteristics • clinea gradation in a character or phenotype within a species or other group • crossing overthe exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes • Darwinian fitnessthe average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation that is made by an average individual of the specified genotype or phenotype • directional selectiona mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction • disruptive selection(or diversifying selection) a mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values • fecunditynumber, rate, or capacity of offspring production • fitnessan individual's ability to propagate its genes • founder effecta decrease in genetic variation that occurs when an entire population descends from a small number of founders • founder effecta decrease in genetic variation that occurs when an entire population descends from a small number of founders • frequency-dependent selectionthe term given to an evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  10. The Evolution of Populations • gene flowthe transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another • gene flowthe transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another • gene poolthe complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of a species or population • genetic diversitythe level of biodiversity, refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species • genetic driftan overall shift of allele distribution in an isolated population, due to random sampling • genetic driftan overall shift of allele distribution in an isolated population, due to random fluctuations in the frequencies of individual alleles of the genes • genetic hitchhikinga phenomenon in which a gene increases in a population because it lies near genes on the same chromosome that are advantageous to an organism • genetic hitchhikingchanges in the frequency of an allele because of linkage with a positively or negatively selected allele at another locus • genetic variationvariation in alleles of genes that occurs both within and among populations • genotypethe combination of alleles, situated on corresponding chromosomes, that determines a specific trait of an individual, such as "Aa" or "aa" • handicap principlea theory that suggests that animals of greater biological fitness signal this status through a behavior or morphology that effectively lowers their chances of survival • linkage disequilibriuma non-random association of two or more alleles at two or more loci; normally caused by an interaction between genes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. The Evolution of Populations • mutationany heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material • mutationany heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material • natural selectiona process in which individual organisms or phenotypes that possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce • natural selectiona process in which individual organisms or phenotypes that possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce • phenotypethe appearance of an organism based on a multifactorial combination of genetic traits and environmental factors, especially used in pedigrees • phenotypic variationvariation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation); a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection • polygynoushaving more than one female as mate • polymorphismthe regular existence of two or more different genotypes within a given species or population • random samplinga subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population) by chance • sexual dimorphisma physical difference between male and female individuals of the same species • sexual selectiona type of natural selection, where members of the sexes acquire distinct forms because members choose mates with particular features or because competition for mates with certain traits succeed • sexual selectiona mode of natural selection in which some individuals out-reproduce others of a population because they are better at securing mates Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. The Evolution of Populations • stabilizing selectiona type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. The Evolution of Populations ABO blood type in humans In humans, each blood type corresponds to a combination of two alleles, which represent a the type of antigens displayed on the outside of a red blood cell. Human blood types are A, B, AB, and O. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."ABO Blood type."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system%23mediaviewer/File:ABO_blood_type.svgView on Boundless.com

  14. The Evolution of Populations The Founder Effect The founder effect occurs when a portion of the population (i.e. "founders") separates from the old population to start a new population with different allele frequencies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Founder effect with drift."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Founder_effect_with_drift.jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. The Evolution of Populations Adaptive evolution in finches Through natural selection, a population of finches evolved into three separate species by adapting to several difference selection pressures. Each of the three modern finches has a beak adapted to its life history and diet. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Evolution sm."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_value%23mediaviewer/File:Evolution_sm.pngView on Boundless.com

  16. The Evolution of Populations Micrurus fulvius, the eastern coral snake The eastern coral snake is poisonous. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Coral snake."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coral_009.jpgView on Boundless.com

  17. The Evolution of Populations The Hardy-Weinberg Principle When populations are in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the allelic frequency is stable from generation to generation and the distribution of alleles can be determined.If the allelic frequency measured in the field differs from the predicted value, scientists can make inferences about what evolutionary forces are at play. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Evolution. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44582/latest/Figure_19_01_01.pngView on Boundless.com

  18. The Evolution of Populations Evolution on earth Evolution has resulted in living things that may be single-celled or complex, multicellular organisms. They may be plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, or archaea. This diversity results from evolution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44575/latest/Figure_19_00_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. The Evolution of Populations Effect of genetic drift Genetic drift in a population can lead to the elimination of an allele from that population by chance. In this example, the brown coat color allele (B) is dominant over the white coat color allele (b). In the first generation, the two alleles occur with equal frequency in the population, resulting in p and q values of .5. Only half of the individuals reproduce, resulting in a second generation with p and q values of .7 and .3, respectively. Only two individuals in the second generation reproduce and, by chance, these individuals are homozygous dominant for brown coat color. As a result, in the third generation the recessive b allele is lost. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Genetics. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/Figure_19_02_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  20. The Evolution of Populations Temperature-dependent sex determination The sex of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. Eggs incubated at 30 degrees C produce females, and eggs incubated at 33 degrees C produce males. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Genetics. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/Figure_19_02_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. The Evolution of Populations Sexual dimorphism Morphological differences between males and females of the same species is known as sexual dimorphism.These differences can be observed in (a) peacocks and peahens, (b) Argiope appensa spiders (the female spider is the large one), and (c) wood ducks. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Adaptive Evolution. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/Figure_19_03_03abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. The Evolution of Populations Mutation and natural selection As mutations create variation, natural selection affects the frequency of that trait in a population. Mutations that confer a benefit (such as running faster or digesting food more efficiently) can help that organism survive and reproduce, carrying the mutation to the next generation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Mutation and selection diagram."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svgView on Boundless.com

  23. The Evolution of Populations Genetic drift and gene fixation In this simulation, there is fixation in the blue gene variation within five generations. Images these dots are beetles and some of them are destroyed by a wildfire. As the surviving population changes over time, some traits (red) may be completely eliminated from the population, leaving only the beetles with other traits (blue). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Random sampling genetic drift."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Random_sampling_genetic_drift.svgView on Boundless.com

  24. The Evolution of Populations Genetic drift over time Ten simulations of random genetic drift of a single given allele with an initial frequency distribution 0.5 measured over the course of 50 generations, repeated in three reproductively synchronous populations of different sizes. In these simulations, alleles drift to loss or fixation (frequency of 0.0 or 1.0) only in the smallest population.Effect of population size on genetic drift: Ten simulations each of random change in the frequency distribution of a single hypothetical allele over 50 generations for different sized populations; first population size n=20, second population n=200, and third population n=2000. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Random genetic drift chart."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift%23mediaviewer/File:Random_genetic_drift_chart.pngView on Boundless.com

  25. The Evolution of Populations Geographic variation in moose This graph shows geographical variation in moose; body mass increase positively with latitude. Bergmann's Rule is an ecologic principle which states that as latitude increases the body mass of a particular species increases. The data are taken from a Swedish study investigating the size of moose as latitude increases as shows the positive relationship between the two, supporting Bergmann's Rule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Bergmann."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bergmann's_Rule.svgView on Boundless.com

  26. The Evolution of Populations Polymorphism in the grove snail Color and pattern morphs of the grove snail, Cepaea nemoralis.The polymorphism, when two or more different genotypes exist within a given species, in grove snails seems to have several causes, including predation by thrushes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Polymorphism in Cepaea nemoralis."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polymorphism_in_Cepaea_nemoralis.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. The Evolution of Populations Hardy-Weinberg proportions for two alleles The horizontal axis shows the two allele frequencies p and q and the vertical axis shows the expected genotype frequencies.Each line shows one of the three possible genotypes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Hardy-Weinberg."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy-Weinberg_principle%23mediaviewer/File:Hardy-Weinberg.svgView on Boundless.com

  28. The Evolution of Populations The Founder Effect Here are three possible outcomes of the founder effect, each with gene pools separate from the original populations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Founder effect."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Founder_effect.pngView on Boundless.com

  29. The Evolution of Populations Mutation in a garden rose A mutation has caused this garden moss rose to produce flowers of different colors. This mutation has introduce a new allele into the population that increases genetic variation and may be passed on to the next generation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Portulaca grandiflora mutant1."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portulaca_grandiflora_mutant1.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. The Evolution of Populations Galápagos with David Attenborough Two hundred years after Charles Darwin set foot on the shores of the Galápagos Islands, David Attenborough travels to this wild and mysterious archipelago. Amongst the flora and fauna of these enchanted volcanic islands, Darwin formulated his groundbreaking theories on evolution. Journey with Attenborough to explore how life on the islands has continued to evolve in biological isolation, and how the ever-changing volcanic landscape has given birth to species and sub-species that exist nowhere else in the world. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  31. The Evolution of Populations Assortative mating in the American Robin The American Robin may practice assortative mating on plumage color, a melanin based trait, and mate with other robins who have the most similar shade of color. However, there may also be some sexual selection for more vibrant plumage which indicates health and reproductive performance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."American Robin Close-Up."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Robin%23mediaviewer/File:American_Robin_Close-Up.JPGView on Boundless.com

  32. The Evolution of Populations Effect of a bottleneck on a population A chance event or catastrophe can reduce the genetic variability within a population. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Genetics. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/Figure_19_02_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. The Evolution of Populations Frequency-dependent selection in side-blotched lizards A yellow-throated side-blotched lizard is smaller than either the blue-throated or orange-throated males and appears a bit like the females of the species, allowing it to sneak copulations. Frequency-dependent selection allows for both common and rare phenotypes of the population to appear in a frequency-aided cycle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Adaptive Evolution. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/Figure_19_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  34. The Evolution of Populations Lampropeltis elapsoides, the scarlet kingsnake The scarlet kingsnake mimics the coloration of the poisonous eastern coral snake. Positive frequency-dependent selection reinforces the common phenotype because predators avoid the distinct coloration. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com WikiPedia."Lampropeltis elapsoides."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G-Bartolotti_SK.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. The Evolution of Populations Diversifying (or disruptive) selection Diversifying selection occurs when extreme values for a trait are favored over the intermediate values.This type of selection often drives speciation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. August 4, 2014."CC BY-SA 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  36. The Evolution of Populations Sexual selection in elk This male elk has large antlers to compete with rival males for available females (intrasexual competition).Tn addition, the many points on his antlers represent health and longevity, and therefore he may be more desirable to females (intersexual selection). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Bull elk bugling during the fall mating season."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bull_elk_bugling_during_the_fall_mating_season.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. The Evolution of Populations A male bird of paradise This male bird of paradise carries an extremely long tail as the result of sexual selection.The tail is flamboyant and detrimental to the bird's own survival, but it increases his reproductive success.This may be an example of the handicap principle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Ribbon-tailed Astrapia."CC BY-SA 2.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird-of-paradise%23mediaviewer/File:Ribbon-tailed_Astrapia.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. The Evolution of Populations BBC Planet Earth - Birds of Paradise mating dance Extraordinary Courtship displays from these weird and wonderful creatures. From episode 1 "Pole to Pole". This is an example of the extreme behaviors that arise from intense sexual selection pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  39. The Evolution of Populations Gene flow Gene flow can occur when an individual travels from one geographic location to another. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Population Genetics. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/Figure_19_02_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. The Evolution of Populations Low genetic diversity in the wild cheetah population Populations of wild cheetahs have very low genetic variation. Because wild cheetahs are threatened, their species has a very low genetic diversity. This low genetic diversity means they are often susceptible to disease and often pass on lethal recessive mutations; only about 5% of cheetahs survive to adulthood. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Cheetah genetic diversity."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_genetic_diversity.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. The Evolution of Populations Genetic variation in the shells of Donax variabilis An enormous amount of phenotypic variation exists in the shells of Donax varabilis, otherwise known as the coquina mollusc. This phenotypic variation is due at least partly to genetic variation within the coquina population. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Coquina variation3."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coquina_variation3.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. The Evolution of Populations The Evolution of the Peppered Moth Typica and carbonaria morphs resting on the same tree.The light-colored typica (below the bark's scar) is nearly invisible on this pollution-free tree, camouflaging it from predators. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Peppered moth evolution."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth_evolutionView on Boundless.com

  43. The Evolution of Populations Directional selection Directional selection occurs when a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. August 4, 2014."CC BY-SA 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  44. The Evolution of Populations Stabilizing selection Stabilizing selection occurs when the population stabilizes on a particular trait value and genetic diversity decreases. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. August 4, 2014."CC BY-SA 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  45. The Evolution of Populations Types of natural selection Different types of natural selection can impact the distribution of phenotypes within a population.In (a) stabilizing selection, an average phenotype is favored.In (b) directional selection, a change in the environment shifts the spectrum of phenotypes observed.In (c) diversifying selection, two or more extreme phenotypes are selected for, while the average phenotype is selected against. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 9, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  46. The Evolution of Populations Attribution • Wiktionary."natural selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/natural_selection • Wiktionary."genetic drift."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetic_drift • Wikipedia."Natural Selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/genetic-hitchhiking • Wikipedia."gene flow."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gene%20flow • Wiktionary."mutation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mutation • Wikipedia."fitness."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fitness • Wikipedia."Evolution."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%23Mechanisms • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44575/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."founder effect."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/founder_effect • Wiktionary."gene pool."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene_pool • Wikpedia."Population Genetics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics • Wiktionary."allele."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allele • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44582/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."phenotype."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenotype • Wiktionary."genotype."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genotype • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44582/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  47. The Evolution of Populations • Wiktionary."genetic drift."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetic_drift • Wiktionary."founder effect."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/founder_effect • Wikipedia."Genetic Drift."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."mutation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mutation • Wikipedia."gene flow."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gene%20flow • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."assortative mating."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assortative_mating • Wikipedia."Sexual Selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection • Wiktionary."cline."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cline • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44584/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."natural selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/natural_selection • Wikipedia."Darwinian fitness."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian%20fitness • Wiktionary."fecundity."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fecundity • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."disruptive selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/disruptive%20selection • Wikipedia."directional selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/directional%20selection Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  48. The Evolution of Populations • Wikipedia."stabilizing selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stabilizing%20selection • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."polygynous."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polygynous • Wikipedia."frequency-dependent selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/frequency-dependent%20selection • WIKIPEDIA."Frequency-dependent selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-dependent_selection • WIKISPACES."Frequency-dependent selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://genetics-notes.wikispaces.com/Frequency-dependent+selection • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."sexual selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sexual_selection • Wiktionary."sexual dimorphism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sexual_dimorphism • Wikipedia."Sexual Selection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/handicap-principle • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."linkage disequilibrium."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linkage_disequilibrium • Wikipedia."Genetic Hitchhiking."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_draft • Wiktionary."polymorphism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polymorphism • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44586/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."Genetic Diversity."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity • Wikipedia."crossing over."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/crossing%20over Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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