THE RED SCARE OF 1919-20

1. THE RED SCARE OF 1919-20

2. Political Philosophies • Radical (Socialist/ Communist in this era) • Refers to advocating drastic revolutionary changes in society and in the gov. • Conservative • Refers to preserving the existing order; conserving rather than changing (often means pro-business) • Reactionary • Desire to move society backwards into a past society, usually idealized. -- Mugwumps; some Progressives wanting to return to WASP ideals • Liberal • Advocating changes in society’s institutions to reflect changing conditions. -- Progressive movement • These terms refer to means as well as ends; one can pursue radical goals by conservative means, e.g., socialists running for political office in a democratic political system (Eugene Debs)

3. CAUSES OF FEAR • SOCIAL UNREST • PATRIOTISM • THE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION • POST WAR STRIKES • BOMBINGS • THE WORK OF A. MITCHELL PALMER ATTORNEY GENERAL

4. THIS IS THE STORY OF HOW… • FEAR AND PREJUDICE LEAD TO A VIOLATION OF BASIC CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.

5. "Red Scare" and the "Great Unrest" • Fear of Radicalism • Red Summer • Racial Violence • October 1917: Bolshevik Revolution

6. Strikes After WWI • Result of inflation during the war • Frustrated union-organizing drives • More strikes occurred in 1917 but number of strikers far more in 1919. • 20% of all workers • Largest proportion in U.S. history • Many Americans believed that labor troubles were the result of Bolshevism • Billy Sunday • Wilson is absent

7. Seattle General Strike • January 1919 • 35,000 shipyard workers went on strike • All unions in Seattle demanded higher pay for shipyard workers • Seattle mayor called for federal troops to head off the “anarchy of Russia” • Labor sought industrial democracy

8. Boston Police Strike • September 1919 • Over 70% of Boston’s 1,500 policemen went on strike seeking wage increases and the right to unionize. • Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the National Guard • Police went on strike in 37 cities • They were fired and they recruited from the National Guard.

9. Steel Strike and United Mine Workers of America Strike • Steel Strike • AFL attempted to organize the steel industry • September 1919 • Judge Elbert H. Gary: Head of USX refused to negotiate • After violence the use of federal and state troops • Broken January 1920 • United Mine Workers of American Strike • Under John L. Lewis • Struck for shorter hours and higher wages on November 1, 1919. • Attorney General Palmer obtained injunctions and called off the strikes

10. Palmer Raids • Wilson’s Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, • "tear out the radical seeds that have entangled American ideas in their poisonous theories.“ • Nov. 1919, 249 "radicals" deported to Russia after nationwide dragnets; mostly anarchists • Jan. 2, 1920, 5,000 suspected communists arrested in 33 cities during

11. Public Reaction • The end of the Red Scare • Use of Red Scare to break back of conservatives

12. Sacco and Vanzetti • 1921, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti charged & convicted of killing two people in a robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts • Defendants were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers • Judge Webster Thayer and the Massachusetts Supreme Court • In 1927, Judge Thayer sentenced the men to death by electric chair

13. Ku Klux Klan • Resurgence of the Klan began in the South but also spread heavily into the Southwest and the North Central states • Birth of a Nation • More resembled nativist "Know-Nothings of 1850s and American Protective Association of late 19th century. • Anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti- Communist • Demise of the KKK • David Stephenson

14. Closing the doors on immigration • 1921 Immigration Act • Ended open immigration with a limit and quota system • 1924 National Origins Act (Immigration Act of 1924) • Reduced immigration to 152,000 total per annum.

15. Scopes Trial • Fundamentalists • Believed teaching of Darwinian evolution was destroying faith in God and the Bible while contributing to the moral breakdown of youth in the jazz age. • "Monkey Trial" -- 1925 in Dayton, eastern Tennessee • John Scopes • ACLU • Clarence Darrow • William Jennings Bryan

16. Prohibition • 18th Amendment ratified by states in 1919 • Volstead Act of 1919 implemented the amendment • Problems with enforcement

17. Results of Prohibition • Rise of organized crime • Al Capone • John Dillinger • Rise of speakeasies • Prohibition was repealed in 1933

18. Glorification of Business • The Man Nobody Knows • Bruce Barton • Calvin Coolidge • Businessman “ruled” the nation

19. Booming Economy • US came out of WWI the world’s largest creditor nation. • Between 1922 and 1928 industrial productivity • Wages at an all-time high • Electric power increased 19-fold between 1912 and 1929.

20. New Technology • New Industries • Inventions • Construction • 1st Trans-Atlantic Telephone

21. Revolution in Business • Corporate • Mergers continue • Managerial • Corporate leadership began to be controlled by college-trained, replaceable managers. • Business schools open • Businesses add in more layers of management

22. New White Collar Workers • 1920-1930 • white collar jobs rose 38.1% • 10.5 million to 14.5 million • 1900, 18% of workers white collar; 444% by 1930 • Manual labor jobs up only 7.9%, 28.5 million to 30.7 million. • Huge increase of consumer products created a need for advertising and sales people. • Women increasingly entered the work force.

23. Advertising emerged as a new industry • Manufacturers mastered problems of production • Need mass market base • Used persuasion, allure, and sexual suggestion • Sports Became a big business • Babe Ruth • Jack Dempsey

24. Scientific Management • Frederick W. Taylor • Started movement to develop more efficient working methods • The Principles of Scientific Management • 1911 Henry Ford

25. Henry Ford • Detroit emerged as the automobile capital of the world • Ford realized workers were also consumers • Ford’s use of the assembly line made him about $25,000 a day throughout the 1920s • Model-T

26. The Impact of the Automobile • Replaced the steel industry as the king industry in America. • Employed about 6 million people by 1930. • Supporting industries such as rubber, glass, fabrics, highway construction, and thousands of service stations and garages. • Nation’s standard of living improved. • Railroad industry decimated by passenger cars, buses, and trucks. • Speedy marketing of perishable foodstuffs were accelerated. • New network of highways emerged; 387,000 mi. in 1921 to 662,000 in 1929 • Leisure time spent traveling to new open spaces. • Women less dependent on men. • Isolation among sections broken down while less attractive states lost population at an alarming rate. • Buses made possible consolidation of schools and to some extent churches. • Sprawling suburbs spread out even further as America became a nation of commuters. • One million Americans had died in car accidents by 1951, more than all killed in all America’s battles • Home life broke down partially; youth became more independent • Crime waves of 1920s and 1930s partially facilitated by the automobile.

27. The Airplane • Dec. 17, 1903, Wright Bros. (Orville and Wilbur)flew a gasoline-powered plane 12 seconds and 120 feet at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina • By the 1930s and 1940s, travel by air on regularly scheduled airlines was markedly safer than on many overcrowded highways. • 1927, Charles Lindbergh flew the first solo flight across the Atlantic • Impact of the airplane

28. Radio • Guillermo Marconi, an Italian, invented wireless telegraphy in the 1890s • First voice-carrying radio came in Nov. 1920 when KDKA in Pittsburgh carried the news of the Harding landslide • National Broadcasting Co. organized in 1926 • Impact of the radio

29. Movies • Emergence of the movie industry • 1890s peep-show penny arcades • The Great Train Robbery • Nickelodeons • D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation • Hollywood became the movie capital of the world • Movie Stars • The Jazz Singer • 1st talkie

30. Impact of movies • Eclipsed all other new forms of amusement. • Became new major industry employing about 325,000 people in 1930. • Actors and actresses, some with huge salaries, became more popular than the nation’s political leaders. • American culture bound more closely together as movies became the standard for taste, styles, songs, and morals. • Provided education through informative "shorts" such as newsreels and travelogues. • Tabloids and the cheap movie magazine emerged as two by-products of the movie industry.

31. Changes in Working Conditions • Reduction in Hours • Welfare Capitalism • The American Plan of Business • One major flaw

32. Social Life during the “Roaring 20s” • Census of 1920s revealed people are living in urban areas • A sexual revolution • Dr. Sigmund Freud • The “flaming youth” of the “Jazz Age”

33. Cont… • Margaret Sanger • Sexual revolution brings some emancipation • Flapper • One-piece bathing suits • Women are smoking and socializing • Women independence and organization • ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) • Alice Paul • Divorce Laws • Women Voters • Rise in Church as a reaction • Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson.

34. "Jazz" • The term "Jazz" became popular after WWI • Pre-WWI development • Late 19th Century • Ragtime • New Orleans Dixieland Jazz

35. The Harlem Renaissance • Harlem • Produced a wealth of African American poetry, literature, art, and music, expressing the pain, sorrow and discrimination AA felt at home. • Langston Hughes and Claude McKay • Duke Ellington and the Cotton Club • Marcus Garvey • UNIA

36. The Lost Generation • After WWI, a new generation of writers outside of the dominant Protestant New England burst upon the literary scene • Henry L. Mencken, in his American Mercurymagazine • F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) • Ernest Hemingway (1889-1961) • Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) • William Faulkner (1897-1962) • T.S. Eliot

37. Architecture • Frank Lloyd Wright • Guggenheim Museum