Week 5 & 6

1. Week 5 & 6 INSTRUCTOR: TSUEIFEN CHEN TERM: 100-2

2. Focus • Participial phrase: what is it and what does it do? • Participle forms: 1. General form –ing participial phrases 2. General form –ed participial phrases 3. Perfect form participial phrases • How to make a participial phrase: Reducing adj. clauses to participial phrases • Position and punctuation of participial phrase

3. Participial Phrase

4. What Is a Participle? • A participle is an adjective formed from a verb. • There are two kinds of participles: • –ing participles (called present participles) • -ed participles (called past participles) e.g. The computer is connecting to the Internet. The computer is connected to the Internet. an interesting book, an interested audience

5. -ing participles and –ed participles • The two kinds of participles come from either active or passive voice verbs. --an active voice verb becomes an –ing participle The book interests (v.) me. -ing participle The interesting book is selling well. --a passive voice verb becomes an -ed participle My leg was broken in three places.  -ed participle My broken leg is healing slowly.

6. Participial Phrase

7. Examples of Participial Phrases participial phrase • Students planning to graduate in June must make an appointment with the teacher. • A woman hurrying to catch a bus tripped and fell. participial phrase

8. How to Make a Participial Phrase • Participial phrases can be formed by reducing adjective clauses and adverb clauses. Therefore, they are sometimes called reduced clauses.

9. Steps of Making a Participial Phrase

10. Step 1 Delete the relative pronoun (who, which, or that). Many students who study at this university are from foreign countries. Many students who study at this university are from foreign countries.

11. Step 2 Change the verb to a participle. Many students whostudy at this university are from foreign countries. Many students studying at this university are from foreign countries.

12. Step 3 • The above example does not have commas. Many students studying at this university are from foreign countries. Keep the same punctuation (commas or no commas).

13. Step 4 The taxi driver, who did not realize what had happened, continued on. Step 1: The taxi driver, whodid not realize what happened, continued on. Step 2 & 3: The taxi driver, not realizing what happened, continued on. Step 4: The taxi driver, not realizing what happened, continued on. Put the word not at the beginning of a participial phrase to make it negative.

14. Rules of Participial Constructions • When shortening or combining clauses with a participle construction, keep the following rules in mind: • Both clauses should have the same subject. • The less important part becomes the participle clause. Important information should always be in the main clause. • Make sure you use the correct participle form. • The conjunctions as, because, sinceand relative pronouns who, which are left out. • The conjunctions before, when are used in the participle clause. • The conjunctions after, while can be used or left out.

15. Positions and Punctuation of Participial Phrases • Participial phrases, like adjective clauses, can be restrictive (necessary) or nonrestrictive (unnecessary). • If the original clause is nonrestrictive, the phrase is nonrestrictive also. A nonrestrictive phrase is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. Restrictive phrases use no commas. • The position of a participial phrase in a sentence depends on whether it is restrictive or nonrestrictive, or whether it modifies an entire clause.

16. Position and Punctuation continued… • A restrictive p.p. can only follow the noun it modifies and does not have commas. • A nonrestrictive p.p. can precede or follow the noun it modifies and is separated by a comma or commas from the rest of the sentence. • Sometimes a p.p. modifies an entire independent clause. In this case, it follows the clause and requires a comma.