1 / 43

Introduction to TCP/IP

Introduction to TCP/IP. MIS 4700 – Advanced Networking Dr. Garrett. What is TCP/IP?. Large collection of networking protocols and services Two key protocols Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Reliable delivery for messages Internet Protocol (IP)

darryl
Download Presentation

Introduction to TCP/IP

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Introduction to TCP/IP MIS 4700 – Advanced Networking Dr. Garrett

  2. What is TCP/IP? • Large collection of networking protocols and services • Two key protocols • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • Reliable delivery for messages • Internet Protocol (IP) • Manages the routing of network transmissions

  3. Origins and History • 1969, Department of Defense (DoD) and Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded research for packet-switched networking • The sender and receiver are identified by unique network addresses • Do not require all packets to follow the same path in transit • The network built as a result of this project is known as the ARPANET

  4. TCP/IP’s Design Goals • Withstand a potential nuclear strike • Need for packet switching • Permit different kinds of computer systems to easily communicate • Need to interconnect systems across long distances

  5. A TCP/IP Chronology • 1978: Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) came into existence • 1983: Defense Communications Agency took over operation of the ARPANET • 1986: National Science Foundation (NSF) launches a long-haul, high-speed network, known as NSFNET • 1987: Number of hosts on the Internet breaks 10,000

  6. A TCP/IP Chronology (cont.) • 1989: • Number of hosts on the Internet breaks 100,000 • NSFNET backbone upgraded to 1.544 megabits per second (Mbps) • 1990: • McGill University releases the Archie protocol and service • Work begins on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Worldwide Web is born at Centre European Researche Nucleaire (CERN)

  7. A TCP/IP Chronology (cont.) • 1991: • Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX) is formed • Wide Area Information Service (WAIS) protocol and service allowing Internet searches of multimegabyte databases • Gopher allows searching of text-based archives • 1992: • Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered • Number of hosts on the Internet breaks one million

  8. A TCP/IP Chronology (cont.) • 1992: • NSFNET backbone upgraded to 44.736 Mbps • CERN releases HTTP and Web server technology to the public • 1993: • Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) is chartered • Mosaic, the first high-powered graphical browser • The U.S.White House goes online at whitehouse.gov

  9. A TCP/IP Chronology (cont.) • 1994: • U.S. Senate and House of Representatives establish information servers on the Internet • Online junk mail and shopping malls begin to proliferate • 1995: • Netscape launches Netscape Navigator • Number of hosts on the Internet breaks five million • 1996: Microsoft launches Internet Explorer Web browser

  10. A TCP/IP Chronology (cont.) • 1997: Number of registered domain names reaches 31 million • 2000: Love Letter worm infects over one million personal computers • 2001: • Number of hosts on the Internet breaks 150 million • Sircam virus and Code Red worm infect thousands of Web servers and e-mail accounts

  11. A TCP/IP Chronology (cont.) • 2002: • Number of hosts on the Internet breaks 204 million • The Internet2 backbone utilizes native IP version 6 • 2003: Public Interest Registry (PIR) assumes responsibility as .org registry operator

  12. Who “Owns” TCP/IP? • TCP/IP falls squarely into the public domain • Funded with public monies since its inception • Both everybody and nobody own TCP/IP

  13. Meet the Standards Groups that Manage TCP/IP • Internet Society (ISOC) • Internet Architecture Board (IAB) • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) • Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) • Internet Societal Discussion Forum (ISDF) • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

  14. TCP/IP Standards and RFCs • Request For Comments (RFC) • www.faqs.org/rfcs • RFC 2026 describes how a RFC is created • RFC status designations • Proposed Standard, Draft Standard, Internet Standard, Retired Standard, and Historic Standard • Best Current Practice (BCP)

  15. OSI Reference Model Overview • Network reference model • Formally (ISO/OSI ) • Designed to replace TCP/IP • OSI model is the standard way to explain how networks operate • TCP/IP remains the open standard protocol suite of choice

  16. OSI Network Reference Model • Models break networking into layers • The OSI network reference model • How protocol layers behave • Physical Layer • Data Link Layer • Network Layer • Transport Layer • Session Layer • Presentation Layer • Application Layer

  17. OSI Network Reference Model (cont.) • The reference model described in ISO Standard 7498 breaks network communication into seven layers

  18. Models Break Networking into Layers • Divide and conquer approach • Separate networking hardware concerns from those related to networking software • Key points about networking • Easier to solve problems when broken into layers • Layers operate independently of one another • Changes to one layer need not affect other layers

  19. Models Break Networking into Layers (cont.) • Key points about networking (cont.) • Individual layers work together on pairs of computers • Different expertise is needed at each layer • Layers working together is known as networking • Network protocols usually map into one or more layers • TCP/IP is designed around a layered model

  20. Seven Layers Of The OSI Model Guide To TCP/IP, Second Edition

  21. How Protocol Layers Behave • Layers exist to encapsulate or isolate specific types of functionality • Layers provide services to the layer above • Layers deliver data to or accept data from the layer below • Protocol Data Units (PDUs) • PDUs include “envelope information” in the form of specific headers and trailers

  22. Physical and Data Link Layers • Physical Layer • Includes the physical transmission medium • Physical and electrical characteristics of the interfaces • PDUs consist of specific serial patterns of signals • Data Link Layer • Manages point-to-point transmission • Handles sequencing of data from sender to receiver • Data transmission control: called media flow control • PDUs are specific bit patterns and are called frames or data frames

  23. Network and Transport Layers • Network Layer • Logical addresses associated with individual machines • Uses logical addressing to determine how to send PDU traffic to other physical segments • PDUs are structured data called a packet • Transport Layer • Ensure reliable end-to-end transmission of PDUs • Includes end-to-end error-detection and error-recovery • PDUs are structured numbered sequence data called segments or data segments

  24. Sessions and Presentation Layers • Sessions • Conversations are set up, maintained, and then terminated • Includes mechanisms to maintain reliable ongoing conversations called checkpoints • PDUs at this level are Session PDUs, or SPDUs • Presentation • Manages how data is presented to the network and to a specific machine/application • PDUs are generically called Presentation PDUs

  25. Application Layer • Defines an interface that applications can use to request network services • Defines a set of access controls over the network • PDUs are generically called Application PDUs

  26. OSI and TCP/IP Models Guide To TCP/IP, Second Edition

  27. TCP/IP Network Access Layer • Includes Ethernet, token ring, and wireless media • Includes WAN and connection-management protocols • Include the IEEE 802 family of standards • 802.1 Internetworking • 802.2 Media Access Control • 802.3 CSMA/CD • 802.5 Token Ring

  28. TCP/IP Network Access Layer Protocols • High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) • Frame Relay • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) • PPP and SLIP

  29. TCP/IP Internet Layer Functions • Handle routing between machines across multiple networks • MTU fragmentation • Addressing • Routing

  30. TCP/IP Internet Layer Protocols • Internet Protocol (IP) • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Packet Internetwork Groper (PING) • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

  31. TCP/IP Transport Layer Functions • Functions • Reliable delivery of data from sender to receiver • Fragmentation of outgoing messages and their reassembly prior to delivery to the Application layer • Protocols • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • Connection oriented • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Connectionless

  32. TCP/IP Application Layer • Function • Interfaces with applications or processes on a host machine • Protocol and Services • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • Telnet

  33. TCP/IP Protocols, Services, Sockets, And Ports • TCP/IP protocol numbers • Protocol numbers are used to identify distinct protocols, and those protocols use port numbers • TCP/IP port numbers • TCP/IP application are identified by port numbers • The source or destination port number identifies the process that sent or receives, respectively, the data • TCP/IP sockets • Dynamically assigned port address is called a socket

  34. TCP/IP Protocol Numbers Guide To TCP/IP, Second Edition

  35. Data Encapsulation In TCP/IP • Outgoing data is packaged and identified for delivery to the layer underneath • Incoming data has its encapsulating information from the underlying layer stripped off before it’s delivered to its upper-layer • Each PDU has an opening component, called a header, and closing component called a trailer • Data portion of the PDU is known as the payload

  36. About Protocol Analysis • Protocol analysis is the process of • Tapping into the network communications system • Capturing packets • Gathering network statistics • Decoding packets • Protocol analyzers can also transmit packets • A task for testing a network or device

  37. Roles for Protocol Analysis • Used to troubleshoot network communications • Used to test networks • Passive • Active • Gather trends on network performance

  38. Protocol Analyzer Elements • Promiscuous mode card and driver • Packet filters • Trace buffer • Decodes • Alarms • Statistics

  39. Network Analyzer Process Guide To TCP/IP, Second Edition

  40. Decodes Guide To TCP/IP, Second Edition

  41. Statistics Guide To TCP/IP, Second Edition

  42. Placing a Protocol Analyzer on a Network • Hubbing out • Placing a hub between a device of interest and the switch, and connecting the analyzer to the hub • Port redirection • Switches can be configured to redirect (to copy) the packets traveling through one port to another port • Remote monitoring (RMON) • Collect traffic data at a remote switch and send the data to a management device

  43. Analyzer Placement Example Guide To TCP/IP, Second Edition

More Related