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Neoconfucianism

Neoconfucianism. Renewal of Confucianism. Occurring in the Song dynasty Dàoxué – ( 道學 ) teachings of Dao Dàotong – ( 道统 ) transmission of Dao. Four Classics. The ‘Analects’ ( 論語 , Lún Yǔ,) the ‘Great Learning’ ( 大學 , Dà Xué ,) the ‘Doctrine of the Mean’ ( 中庸 , Zhōng Yōng ,) and

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Neoconfucianism

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  1. Neoconfucianism

  2. Renewal of Confucianism • Occurring in the Song dynasty • Dàoxué– (道學) teachings of Dao • Dàotong – (道统) transmission of Dao

  3. Four Classics • The ‘Analects’ (論語, Lún Yǔ,) • the ‘Great Learning’ (大學, Dà Xué,) • the ‘Doctrine of the Mean’ (中庸, Zhōng Yōng,) and • the ‘Mencius’ (孟子, Mèngzĭ.)

  4. Cosmology • Classic of Changes (易經, Yijīng) In the Yi there is the Supreme Ultimate (taiji) which produces the Two Forms. [Appendix III (The Great Appendix)]

  5. Cosmology • Yin wet, dark, weak, female, … • Yang dry, light, strong, male, …

  6. Cosmology • One Principle, Many Manifestations (理一分属, liyi fenshu)

  7. Cosmology • Zhou Dunyi (周敦頤, 1017-1073) • ‘Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate’ • Movement  yang  Quiet  yin • Identify Taiji (太极) and Wuji (无极) • Actuality and Possibility • Recommends Quiescence • Wuyu (无欲) – No Desires • Cheng (诚) - Sincerity

  8. Cosmology • Shao Yong • The hexagrams represent the combination of yin-yang • Each line is a dynamic possibility of yin-yang The bā guà (八卦)

  9. Cosmology • Zhang Zai (張載, 1020-1077) • Qi (氣) is material force • Qi is the Supreme Ultimate, Great Vacuity or Harmony • Everything is made of Qi – including people • We are all brothers • So love each other appropriately • We have an original nature corrupted by the world • It’s a sage’s job to remove corruptions • Education can do this

  10. Cosmology • Brothers Cheng • Cheng Yi  Study of Principles, (理學, lǐxué) • Cheng Hao  Study of Mind (心学, xinxué)

  11. Principles • Cheng Yi (程頤, 1033–1107) • Movement of qi produces variety – how?

  12. Principles • Cheng Yi (程頤, 1033–1107) • Movement of qi produces variety – how?

  13. Principles • Cheng Yi (程頤, 1033–1107) • Movement of qi produces variety – how? • There is a principle that guides qi • prior to things • Independent of Yin-Yang

  14. Zhu Xi • 朱熹 • 1130-1200 • Study of Principles Everything has an ultimate, which is the ultimate li. That which unites and embraces the li of heaven, earth, and all things is the Supreme Ultimate

  15. Zhu Xi • Everything is explained by • Its proper principle • Its material power (qi) • Its norm / mandate of heaven / supreme ultimate

  16. Zhu Xi • People are explained by • dispositional principles (they form a li) • their material power (qi) • their norm: xin = mind-heart

  17. Zhu Xi • A person aims to achieve their norm • This will result in an harmonious person • People must learn to see principles • The world is made of principles • Study the world (格物, géwù) • Intense study will produce sudden enlightenment

  18. Mind • Lu Jiuyuan (陸九淵, 1139-1192 ) • Opposed gewu The ten thousand things are already complete in us. It is only necessary to apprehend their principle

  19. Mind • Lu Jiuyuan (陸九淵, 1139-1192 ) • Opposed gewu • Proposed an idealism The universe is my mind, and my mind is the universe

  20. Wang Yangming • 王阳明 • 1472-1529 • Study of Mind

  21. Wang Yangming • xin = taiji • Distinguish • mind-in-itself (xin zhi benti) as a norm • human-mind (ren xin) as the corrupt actuality • Strive to make the actuality like the norm

  22. Wang Yangming • Innate knowing (liangzhi) • Original mind is Actual mind with things removed All the people filling the street are sages

  23. Wang Yangming • The mind is the world • It is “that toward which the mind is turned”

  24. Wang Yangming • Action and knowledge are united • 知行合一,Zhixing heyi • Action and knowledge are aspects of the same constitutive principle • Can’t have one without the other Knowledge is the beginning of action and action is the completion of knowledge

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