(r. 1924-1953)

1. JOSEPH STALIN (r. 1924-1953)

2. BIOGRAPHY • 1878 –1953 • Joseph Dzhugashvili • Gori, Georgia • Peasant – Father Boot maker • “Pocky” (Age 7) • 1899 expelled from Seminary School • 1902 imprisoned – exiled to Siberia • 1904 – Escaped Siberia • 1905 met Lenin • 1911 editor of Pravda • 1917 – Commissar of Nationalities

3. RISE TO POWER • 1878 –1953 • “Man of Steel” • “Socialism in One Country” • General Secretary of the Communist Party (1922) • Power – command of bureaucratic and administrative control • Admission to the party and promotion within it • 10,000 appointments – regional, district, city , and town party secretaries

4. “WE ARE FIFTY OR ONE HUNDRED YEARS BEHIND THE ADVANCE COUNTRIES. WE MUST MAKE GOOD THIS DISTANCE IN TEN YEARS”- Stalin

5. TROTSKY vs. STALIN • Lev DavidovichBronshtein • Trotsky (1879 – 1940) • Commissar for War • Leader of the Red Army • “Permanent Revolution” • World Revolution • Left wing Bolsheviks • 1927 expelled from the Communist party • 1929 exiled from Russia

6. MARISM-LENINISM-STALINISM • Revokes the NEP • Five-Year Plans – Rapid Industrialization • “Collectivization” - Agricultural • “Revolution from above” • Cultural Revolution • Worker/Police State • Totalitarian Dictatorship • Cult of Personality

7. FIVE-YEAR PLANS • 5 YEAR PLANS (1928) – first of many • Economic, social, and political revolution • Rapid Industrialization • Revoked the NEP (too capitalistic) • Iron, Steel, machines, electric, transportation • Economic Growth – Heavy Industry • 111% coal, 200% iron, 335% electric production • Increased output – higher wages, better housing • 2nd only to the U.S

8. FIVE-YEARPLANS • 25 million migrated to cities • Production = 1928-1937 – 4x’s • Hired Foreign Engineers • Unemployment unknown • Women worked in factories • Personal Advancement – incentives, pensions, education, medical services

9. FIVE-YEAR PLANS • 1928-1937 • Steel production 4 million to 18 million tons • Coal output 36 to 128 million tons • Production of capital goods and armaments • Quadrupled production of heavy machinery • Doubled oil production • Weapons increase tenfold or more • Real wages declined 43% b/w 1928-1940 • Housing and consumer goods declined • Human cost?

10. JOSEPHSTALIN • “WORKER STATE” – right to employment, leisure time, annual paid vacations, social security, old-age, accident, sickness insurance, medical and hospital care • Labor Conditions? – lateness, absence, fined sent to Labor Camps • GULAG

11. GULAG • GlavnoeUpravlenieispravitel’no-trudovykhLAGerei • Main administration of Corrective Labor Camps • Soviet system of forced labor camps • Origins 1917 Revolution • Height during the reign of Stalin • White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal (1931-33) – 141 mile canal • 100,000 prisoners – pickaxes, shovels, wheel barrels created in just 20 months – SUCCESS? • Kolyma - harshest of all the camps “means death” • Arctic region – harsh temperatures, insufficient rations, sleep, and clothing – 12-16 hour work day

15. GULAG • More people passed through the GULAG than the Nazi concentration camps; yet, the GULAG is still not nearly as well know. WHY? • Nazi camps used to “exterminate” • GULAG – weapon of ongoing political control over one country • “trials” – 5 minutes – sentences 8-10 years • Article 58 – (1928) – anti-Soviet activity • 25% “political prisoners” • Mining, rail construction, arms & chemical factories, electricity plants, fish canning, airport, apartment, and sewage construction

16. COLLECTIVIZATION • Collective Farms or “Collectivization” (1929) • Agricultural output • 25 Million Farmers • Forced farmers to pool their land, livestock, equipment • Lenin’s NEP produced Kulaks – well-to-do peasants – peasant capitalists - or anyone who resisted collectivization • refused – 1932 entire class eliminated – forced labor camps, or killed • ‘liquidation” of the entire class • Artificial famine – 10 million died

17. COLLECTIVIZATION • Peasants “cursed problem” • War against peasants • New socialist state • 1929 forced consolidation peasant farms = state controlled • Kulaks refused – 5 million – liquidated • Output 1928-38 identical to 1913

18. COLLECTIVIZATION • Wide spread famine • Ukraine 1932-33 – approximately 6 million died • Millions migrated to cities • Overcrowding, sewage, housing • OUTCOME – Production of food did not increase

19. “Annihilate the Kulaks as a class!” c. 1929

20. TERROR • Secret Police (NKDV), Purge Trials (1936-1939) – accused of disloyalty – enemies • 1937-1938 – “Great Terror” • Shot 1500 people a day • Eliminate opposition - - high Soviet leaders, civilian party members, major party leaders, army officers, diplomats, intellectuals, Old Bolsheviks

21. PURGETRIALS • Mid 1930’s • Officials, workers, peasants, intellectuals, military • Sergei Kirov (1888-1934)- #2 man assassinated • Millions killed, exiled, sent to labor camps • OUTCOME – consolidation of power – new Communists loyal to Stalin

22. STALIN TODAY • “What role did Stalin play in the history of our country?” • POSITIVE 53% • NEGATIVE 33% • Had difficulty answering the question 14% • 2003 – 50th anniversary of Stalin’s death • BBC World News Service

23. JOSEPHSTALIN • 1878 –1953 • Preserved some revolutionary goals • No hereditary Czar, no privileged class, improved standard of living • New upper class – professionals, factory managers

24. CULT OF PERSONALITY • Single leader • Revolutionary transformation • Treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation • Transformation to a better future cannot occur without him • Superman • Propaganda • Hero Worship – “Uncle Joe”

31. “”A single death is a tragedy, a million is a statistic” - STALIN

41. “Ideas are far more powerful than guns. We don't allow our enemies to have guns, why should we allow them to have ideas?” - STALIN