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Inference

Inference. Step 1: Answer the question/provide the inference. -Essentially, your inference is the answer to the question. -Do NOT summarize the source. -Do NOT lift or even paraphrase from the source -The words for inference CANNOT be found in the source.

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Inference

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  1. Inference • Step 1: Answer the question/provide the inference. -Essentially, your inference is the answer to the question. -Do NOT summarize the source. -Do NOT lift or even paraphrase from the source -The words for inference CANNOT be found in the source. Source A is saying that … (your own words).

  2. Inference • Step 2: Back up your inference with evidence from the source. -Quote relevantly and coherently. -Make sure that your quote makes grammatical sense. This is supported by “quote from the source.” Therefore, this shows that…

  3. Inference • Step 3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 again for your second inference. • Step 4: Establish the perspective of the source. The perspective of the Source is ______ (one-sided/balanced). This is seen when it says “…” (quote from the source)

  4. Inference • Step 5: Establish the Purpose by bringing in the Provenance. • As the source is from __________ (provenance), therefore, its purpose is to ________ (promote, blame, criticize…) so that ___________ (they can improve the system? Absolve themselves of blame? Garner the support of the people?)

  5. Compare and Contrast • Step 1: Establish the common criteria/which is essentially the answer to the question, and your interpretation. • Take a hint from the question itself, or the issue. • How similar: Give 2 similarities and 1 difference • How different: Give 2 differences and 1 similarity • In what ways similar: ONLY similarities. • Sources B and C are similar/different as they both agree/disagree that ___________ (common criteria) (E.g. the Sinhalese are to blame/the Singapore healthcare system has been effective)

  6. Compare and Contrast • Step 2: Give evidence to back up your common criteria/interpretation • This is seen when Source B says that “…” (quote from source) Moreover, this is reinforced/contradicted by Source C “…” (quote from source) • Step 3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 for 2nd interpretation/common criteria.

  7. Compare and Contrast • Step 4: Establish similarity/difference in perspective/tone. Supported with evidence from source. • The two sources are similar/different in their perspectives/tone, as both are…/one is … whereas the other is… • This is seen when Source B says that… and Source C …

  8. Compare and Contrast • Step 5: Establish purpose by bringing in provenance. • Sources B and C are similar/different in their purpose as Source B is said by …… and Source C by … and therefore the purpose of B is to …. And the purpose of C is to …. • Hence, I can conclude that Sources B and C are very similar/different

  9. Reliability • Step 1: Establish your stand. Checklist for reliability: -Does it have a hidden agenda? No. -Is it supported by the other sources? Yes -Is it supported by my contextual knowledge? Yes. Then it is reliable. Source D is reliable/non reliable (can be trusted/cannot be trusted) Use the words in the question.

  10. Reliability • Step 2: Explain why the source is reliable/not-reliable by looking at the source in question. Give evidence • Source D is reliable because it provides a balanced perspective/is supported by factual information. This is seen when it says… • OR • Source D is not reliable because it has a one-sided perspective/is biased/exaggerates… This is clearly seen when it says…

  11. Reliability • Step 3: Cross-refer to other sources. (x 2) -Look for words/phrases that support/contradict the source in question. Source D is reliable as it is supported by Source __. Source D says that “…” (quote from source) and this is backed by what Source __ says “…” (quote from source). Therefore this tells me that … OR Source D cannot be trusted as it is contradicted by Source __. Source D says that “…” and this goes against what Source __ says “…” I know that Source __ is reliable because…

  12. Reliability • Step 4: Establish purpose of source by looking at provenance. • As Source D is by ______ (provenance), therefore it has a hidden agenda/no hidden agenda. Its purpose is to _______ so that it can _______. • Therefore, I can conclude that Source D is reliable/not reliable.

  13. Utility • How useful as evidence…. (bring in reliability) Cross-refer to sources/contextual knowledge • How useful in helping you to understand… (perspective) Contextual knowledge.

  14. Utility • Useful. • Give evidence from source itself • Cross refer to back it up (1 source) • Limitations in utility • Give evidence from source itself (one-sided perspective?) • Cross refer to challenge it. (1 source) • Conclusion: HOW useful. Small extent/large extent. EXPLAIN

  15. Utility 1) Look at the source in question to illustrate utility: • Source A is useful as evidence as it ___________________ (provides specific examples of how…/examines the causes of …) • Quote from Source A to give evidence. 2) Cross-refer to another source to illustrate utility: • Moreover, this is supported by Source B which says … (Quote from Source)

  16. Utility • 3) Look at the source in question to show limitations in utility • However, Source A is limited in its utility as … (its perspective is one-sided/it has only considered one cause, but not the others)… • Give evidence from Source A (Quote) 4) Cross refer to another source to show limitations in utility • Moreover, what Source A says “…” is contradicted by what Source C says “…” and this shows me that…(Source A has only considered one side but not the other and is therefore limited in its utility)

  17. Utility • 5) OR cross-refer to contextual knowledge for questions on “how useful in helping you to understand…” • Source A is limited in its utility as it does not add on to my contextual knowledge which identifies more complex factors leading to … (Give specific information from contextual knowledge)

  18. Conclusion • State your stand: Useful to large/small extent in helping me to understand/as evidence • EXPLAIN why you say that. • Useful to large extent: Despite its limitations, Source A is ultimately useful to a large extent as it provides me with a fresh perspective from that of a _________ which I was not aware of before… • Useful to a small extent: Despite its utility, Source A is ultimately useful to a small extent as evidence and it cannot be trusted as it exaggerates…/ not very useful in helping me to understand as it does not add on to my contextual knowledge… (Please add in your own specific arguments)

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