Class no. 26 – Summary and Review

1. Class no. 26 – Summary and Review

3. Document no. 19 1740 18 Septembris ex Judaismo convertus pravi[tat]e instructus et de errore convictus baptizatus est Fridericus Amans filius legitimus Leonis et Sara Judaorum coniugum in Zünders- bach diocesis Fuldendis oriundus annorum i7. Patrinus fuit perquam gratiosus illustrissimus ac excellentissimus Dominus Fridericus de Bastheim Altissimi principis nostri consiliarius intimus Mareschalbus et Archi satrapa in Brüchenau etc etc

4. Course mission statement: Course purpose: Students will learn to read, interpret and evaluate Latin language documents from the 15th -20th centuries

5. Major goals: • Become familiar with Latin grammar and vocabulary • Learn translation and transcription methodologies • Introduce Latin paleography and shorthand • Analyze various Latin document types • - metrical books, court records, etc. • Study the Julian and Gregorian calendars

6. Latin grammar: • The parts of speech in Latin are the same as in English • nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections • Latin, however, has no article • Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs are capable of inflection • for nouns, adjectives, pronouns this is called declension • for verbs this is called conjugation

7. Nouns • Latin nouns are the names of person, place, thing or quality • Three genders • masculine, feminine, and neuter • The gender of words can be natural or grammatical • Most Latin nouns determine gender by Nom. Sing. ending

8. Number • Latin has two numbers, the singular and the plural • Singular denotes one object, the plural more than one Case • There are six cases in Latin • Nominative, case of subject Accusative, case of direct object • Genitive, objective with of Vocative, case of address • Dative, objective with to or forAblative, objective with by, from, in, with

9. The Latin Declensions • There are five declensions in Latin • Each declension is distinguished by • the final letter of the stem • the termination of the genitive singular

10. Declension summary table DeclensionFinal letter of stemGen. Termination First a -ae Second o -i Third i -is Some consonant Fourth u -us Fifth e -ei

11. Adjectives • Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns and fall into two classes • Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions • Adjectives of the 3rd declensions First and Second Declension Adjectives

12. Third Declension Adjectives Three terminations Two terminations One termination

13. Numerals • In Latin are of three types • Cardinals unus, duo • Ordinals primus, secundus • Distributives singuli, bini Numerals in Latin are declined

14. Pronouns Latin has eight classes of pronouns I. Personal V. Intensive II. Reflexive VI. Relative III. Possessive VII. Interrogative IV. Demonstrative VIII. Indefinite personal, possessive, demonstrative and interrogative

15. 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd ego tu is, ea, id nos vos ---- mei tui nostrum vestrum mihi tibi nobis vos me te nos vos ---- tu ---- vos me te nobis vobis Personal Possessive my, thy, his, her, its our, your, their Latin possessive pronouns are treated as adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension meus, -a, -um noster, nostra, nostrum tuus, -a, um vester, vestra, vestrum suus, -a, -um Pater suos liberos amat

16. Demonstrative Pronouns

17. Verbs • The inflection of verbs is called conjugation • Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number and Person • In Latin • Two voices • Active and Passive • Five Moods • Indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive and participle • Six Tenses • Present Perfect • Imperfect Pluperfect • Future Future perfect

18. Personal Endings of the Verb Active Passive • -o; -m; -i (perf. indic.) -r • -s; -sti (perf. indic.); -to (imp.) -ris, -re; -re, -tor (imp.) • -t; -to (imp.) -tur; tor (imp.) Sing. • –mus -mur • -tis; -stis (pef. indic.); -te, -tote (imp.) -mini • -nt; -erunt (perf. indic.); -nto (imp.) -ntur; -ntor (imp.) Plural

19. The Four Conjugations Infinitive termination Distinguishing vowel

20. The Verb “to be” (memorize)

21. Latin verb terminations

22. Conjugation example: active

23. Conjugation example: passive

24. Other Verb Forms • Verbs in -io of the 3rd conjugation are inflected with the endings of the 4th conjugation (pres. indic.) • Deponent Verbs have the mostly passive forms, but active meaning • patior, pati, passus sum • Periphrastic conjugation • active uses the Future Active Participle with sum amaturus sum, I am about to love • passive uses the gerundive with sum • amandus sum, I am to be loved • Irregular, Defective and Impersonal Verbs

25. Adverbs • Most adverbs are in origin case-forms which have become stereotyped by usage • quo - whither qua - where hac - by this way aliquo - to some place Prepositions • Prepositions govern specific cases [must be memorized as a vocabulary item] • Prep. with the Accusative: ad, circa. contra, post, super, trans • Prep. with the Ablative: de, ex, pro, sine • The prep. in and sub govern both the Accusative and Ablative • in urbem, into the city in urbe, in the city Interjections In Latin, interjections are particles expressing emotion: surprise, joy, sorrow, calling

26. Vocabulary baptizatus • Baptizatus • Sepultus • Filius • Filia • Pater • Mater • Patrinus, levans • Est • Die • Mensis • Anno Domini • Baptized • Buried • Son • Daughter • Father • Mother • Godfather • Is or was • On the day • In the month • In the year of the Lord mater mensis

27. Translation and transcription: • How to write • Making hands • Letter composition • Translation procedures • Parsing

28. Hand Chart: a N,n ____ ____ ____ ____ O,o ____ ____ ____ ____ P,p ____ ____ ____ ____ Q,q ____ ____ ____ ____ R,r ____ ____ ____ ____ S,s ____ ____ ____ ____ T,t ____ ____ ____ ____ U,u ____ ____ ____ ____ V,v ____ ____ ____ ____ W,w ____ ____ ____ ____ X,x ____ ____ ____ ____ Y,y ____ ____ ____ ____ Z,z ____ ____ ____ ____ A,a ____ ____ ____ ____ B,b ____ ____ ____ ____ C,c ____ ____ ____ ____ D,d ____ ____ ____ ____ E,e ____ ____ ____ ____ F,f ____ ____ ____ ____ G,g ____ ____ ____ ____ H,h ____ ____ ____ ____ I,i ____ ____ ____ ____ J,j ____ ____ ____ ____ K,k ____ ____ ____ ____ L,l ____ ____ ____ ____ M,m ____ ____ ____ ____ a ___ b ___ c ___ d ___ e ___ f ___ g ___ h ___ i ___ b c d e f g h i

29. Letter composition: Square Anglo-Saxon Miniscule Caroline Miniscule Proto-Gothic Simi-Cursive Gothic Textura

30. Paleographical terms ascender minim headstroke bow F m p h f hasta head line descender base line miniscule a lower case letter a script using ascenders / descenders majuscule a capital or upper case letter a script where all letters are the same size

31. Translation tips: Decide the documents purpose from: title page or target catalog entry heading of the document scanning for purpose words testamentum, obitus est, baptizatus est, conjugeverunt, liber confirmatorum

32. Translation tips: cont. Identify the verb Identify the subject Identify the direct object Identify the indirect object Identify prepositional phrases and adverbs Translate into English in the following order: Subject – Verb – Direct Object – Indirect Object – Prep. Phrase

33. LOOK AT EACH WORD IN EACH LINE • LOOK FOR FAMILIAR WORDS • LOOK FOR FAMILIAR WORD STEMS, I.E. THE UNCHANGING PART OF A WORD THAT CARRIES ITS MEANING • WRITE DOWN EACH WORD IN ORDER • WRITE DOWN THE MOST COMMON MEANING OF THE WORD STEM • LOOK AT THE MEANINGS OF THE WORDS WITH THE SAME STEM

34. Identify pronouns and adjectives Identify the Verbs Verbs tell us what happened, when it happened, and how many were involved Verbs are always the minority—Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives and conjunctions will always outnumber them Like Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives, endings are added to the Verb stem You will need a good pocket dictionary with regular, irregular and deponent verb tables

35. Identify the Nouns What is the grammar? Remember: Nouns are divided into five declensions base on their spelling and endings. Each declension has five forms reflecting the noun’s use in the sentence. Each form has an ending added to the work stem to indicate the nouns’s use in the sentence and its number (singular or plural)

36. Example Translation Die 22da Julij nata est infans ex Andrea Herman, et Eva Margaretha Conjugibus, baptizata die Sequenti, cui impositum nomen Maria Barbara levans fuit Maria Barbara Jacobi Schwind civis hujatis uxor. Ita testor Andreas Haas On the 22nd day of July a child was born from the married couple Andreas Herman and Eva Margaretha, [the child] was baptized the following day, to whom was placed the name Maria Barbara. The godmother was Maria Barbara wife of Jacob Schwind, a citizen of this place. And so I testify Andreas Haas.

37. Latin abbreviations: • Latin shorthand • Appears to be no rhyme or reason • Basic rules

38. Basic classes of abbreviation • Truncation • Contraction • Abbrev. marks significant in themselves • Abbrev. marks significant in context • Superscript signs • Convention signs • Numerals

39. General signs indicate the word has been abbreviated Truncation signs indicate some letters are missing at the end of the word

40. Abbreviation by Contraction occurs when one or more of the middle letters are missing contraction can be pure, i.e. when the first and last letters of the word are preserved; or mixed, when some of the middle letters are also preserved ds Deus ba beata pr pater mr mater dno domino dia dimidia epo episcopo oa omnia

41. Marks Significant in Themselves indicate which elements are missing, no matter what letter the symbol is place above or joined with

42. I. Abbreviations significant in context

43. II. Marks resembling . : ; and 3 occur almost always at the end of and are written between the text and head lines When they follow b they stand for –us or –et b. b: b; b3 When they follow q- they stand for –ue. Alone the 3 and the : can stand for -que quib; hab3 usq; qa93 lic: omnib.

44. II. (cont.) W/ Өy flw s—Өy std 4 —is remiss; cas; ms;

45. III. Θ 3rd claŝ . a; obliq3 le of. hook3 at 2th ends, cut: ars any ltr o/ Θ a/b See Capelli, p. 23-29 for more examples

46. IV. The fourth class is similar to the Arabic numeral 2 or the letter z After q- its meaning is –uia, quia Alone, the signs equal et After u- or a-, they show a missing -m After s-, they stand for –et or –ed: sz = sed

47. Roman Numerals Basic values i = 1 v = 5 x = 10 l = 50 c = 100 d = 500 m = 1000 Combinations iv = 4 vi = 6 xxii = 22 xlvii = 47 dcxlviii = 648 mcccliv = 1354 mmiv = 2004

48. Document types Structure of Parish Registers (Birth, Baptismal) • Date • Names of the parent(s) • Often includes mother’s maiden name • Name of the child • Names of the godparents • Tip: Memorize pattern and common Latin phrases

49. Document types Structure of Parish Registers (Marriage) Date Name and status of groom, parents’ names and status Name and status of bride, parents’ names and status Places of origin Witnesses Attestation

50. Document types Structure of Parish Registers (Death) Date of death Name of deceased Date of birth and status Names of parents Cause of death Date and place of internment Attestation