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Coronal Mass Ejections: from the Sun to the Earth

Coronal Mass Ejections: from the Sun to the Earth. Consuelo Cid Space Research Group-Space Weather University of Alcala. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 20, November 11, 1859. Magnetic Observations at Kew .

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Coronal Mass Ejections: from the Sun to the Earth

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  1. Coronal Mass Ejections: from the Sun to the Earth Consuelo Cid SpaceResearchGroup-SpaceWeather University of Alcala

  2. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 20, November 11, 1859 Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  3. Magnetic Observations at Kew • Two responses seen in the new photographic recordings of magnetic variations being made at Kew (London) • Prompt response (due to X-rays increasing ionospheric ionization) • Great Magnetic Storm begins 18 hours later (due to associated emission reaching Earth) Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  4. Solar massejections • Unmagnetized material (Lindenmann, 1919) • A plasma cloud including frozen-in magnetic field loops • Plasma including turbulent magnetic fields • A “tongue” of magnetic field loops rooted at the Sun • A disconnected “plasmoid” or “bubble” • Shock wave ahead of a region of enhanced turbulence …. • Flux rope (Burlaga, 1988) Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  5. Coronal Mass Ejections: from the Sun to the Earth CMEs at thesun Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  6. Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  7. Thefirst CME observed in 1860? This early observation was not confirmed convincingly. However... Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  8. The first CMEs observed in modern times: OSO 7 (1971) and Skylab (1973) ...the similarity with Skylab images obtained 113 years later is striking! Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  9. This was the first published ‘modern‘ CME event, observed 1971 from OSO 7 Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  10. CME? ...can’t tell what it is, but if I see it I know it... What, actually, is a CME? Definition of terms: “A coronal mass ejection (CME) is … an observable change in coronal structure that 1) occurs on a time scale of a few minutes and several hours and 2) involves the appearance (and outward motion) of a new, discrete, bright, white-light feature in the coronagraph field of view." (Hundhausen et al., 1984) This definition is very fortunate in that • it emphasizes the observational aspect, • it stresses the transient event character, • it does not infer an interpretation of the "feature" and its potential origin, • in particular, it does NOT infer any conjunction with "coronal mass", • it restricts the applicability of the term to the Sun's proximity Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  11. Justanexample of what a CME is Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  12. SomeCMEs are spectacular, indeed! Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  13. Properties of CMEs Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  14. A unique observation by LASCO-C2. Note the helical structure of the prominence and filaments! Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  15. From that time in1973 on, CMEs were an issue! The most popular astronomical picture in history: a huge prominence seen in the He+ line (30.4 nm), from Skylab (1973) Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  16. The helical structure could just disappear because of 2D-projection on the plane of sky Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  17. Full halo CMEs: ejectionstowardsorawaytheEarth Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  18. X-Rayor EUV images show coronal loopsanchored in thephotosfere Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  19. Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  20. Reconnection and CMEs • Above CME • Release mechanism in “breakout” model • Fast CMEs • Below CME • Release mechanism in “emerging flux” model • Slow CMEs Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  21. Highthelicity: one of thecluesforthe “emerging flux” model Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  22. Checkingthe “breakoutmodel”: dimming at solar disk Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  23. Coronal Mass Ejections: from the Sun to the Earth CMEsAt interplanetarymedium Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  24. Solar wind …and solar windtransients Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  25. ICME signatures in solar wind Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  26. Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  27. Thefirst ‘magneticcloud’ Burlagaet al., 1991 … and thetopologyproposed Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  28. MinimumVarianceAnalysis Note the 180º rotation of the magnetic field direction through the cloud! Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  29. Are all ICME MCs?...…theanswerisstillon debate Today: Magneticcloud = flux rope Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  30. From 1D to 3D … well, just 2D+1/2 D Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  31. Force-free model (Burlaga, 98) a=cte Lundquist (1950) • Boundary: Baxial=0 aR=2.4 Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  32. Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  33. MCsexpand! Force-free? Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  34. First non-force free MC model Plasma and magnetic field inside magnetic clouds: a global study (Cid et al., 2001) • Thestartingpoint: • Analyticalexpressions: Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  35. ZGSE XGSE ZGSE YGSE 90º-q y0 XGSE f YGSE Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  36. Themodelreproducedproperly experimental data… Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  37. .. butnotforallMCs.EllipticalMCs Ellipticalcross-sectionmodelforthemagnetictopology of magneticclouds (Hidalgo, Nieves-Chinchilla and Cid, 2002) Itfitswell... butmanyparametersneedtobecontrolled Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  38. Reconstruction of thecrosssectionusingGrad-Safranovequation But MC boundaries are difficulttobeestablished Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  39. Numericalsimulations Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  40. FromtheSunto L1 • Experimental data and models do notagreesystematicaly: only a few cases havebeenreproducednowadays • Whereistheproblemtobesolved? …In themagnetictopology? …In thepropagationthroughthe solar wind? … more workneeded! Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  41. Theproblemisstillharder! Complexejecta, multiMC…

  42. Coronal Mass Ejections: from the Sun to the Earth CMEsAt terrestrialenvironment Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  43. At solar wind (L1) At theterrestrialsurface Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  44. Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  45. Energyinjectedfrom solar wind (Dungey, 1961): proportionaltoconvectiveelectricfield (Ey=VBz) ICMEspresentlargevalues of V andBz Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  46. Theoreticalscenario DPS relation: The decrease of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field is proportional to the energy content of the ring current From the energy balance in the ring current, it is possible to get the Dst index as a function of time Neglecting losses (main phase): Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  47. … buttheoreticalexpectations do notfitproperly experimental data Soonappearing in GRL… CumulatedEyisnotenoughttoexplaintheterrestrialdisturbanceforsmallt Bzstandarddeviationislargeforthoseevents Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

  48. Both, E convectiveand B/t, are relatedtotheappearance of aninduced E Ey OurresultsagreewithFaradaylaw!

  49. The phenomena are complicated and without limit as we look to finer and finer detail. It is not our goal to pursue the endless detail; instead, we are interested in understanding what we observe in terms of the basic laws of physics. We want to know how the observed effects follow from Newton, Maxwell, Lorentz, Schorödinger, etc. We construct idealized and simplified theoretical models for the purpose of demonstrating how the basic laws of physics lead to a certain observed effect. We pursue detail only insofar as it leads to novel effects, in which the basic laws of physics interact in some new and hitherto unknown combination.” Eugene N. Parker Interdisciplinary Workshop on Plasma Physics, Madrid (Spain), June 6-7 2011

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